Greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change

Greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change Introduction Climate change is the consequence of any kind of adjustments in the climate system. Change in climate is caused by fluctuations in the factors that influence climatic patterns. This phenomenon has become one of the greatest environmental threats and risks that the world is facing. Persistent human activities such as driving cars, farming, deforestation, and industrialization result into production of greenhouse gases. These gases gather in the atmospheric space, and trap the heat from the sun. This is what causes climate change manifested through global warming and other processes. The effects of disruptive changes have led to catastrophic events like storms, droughts, rise in the sea levels, and floods (Kammen Casillas 2010, p. 1181). Climate change is majorly caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Most of the intervention efforts meant to mitigate the impacts of climate change thus target human activities that contribute to additional emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (Letcher ScienceDirect 2009, p. 67). Therefore, renewable energy has been considered as one of the leading solutions to climate change. Provision of ‘carbon-neutral sources of power, heat, transport fuels and renewable energy options has been considered by environmental scientists as a great move in the right direction. The objective is to enact a transition from high to low carbon economy. Although the renewable energy sector is quickly changing, climate change crises dictate that the energy system be drastically transformed. This will help in combating the dangers that are associated with global warming that threatens to slump the global economy in the face of globalization and industrialization. Roggema (2009, p. 211) cited air pollution caused by transport and power sectors of the economy have been a great threat not only to the human health but have also shifted the climate systems. Prospective Interventions to Address Climate Change Crisis Climate change as an environmental problem is essentially a problem caused by the extreme utilization of fossil energy. Agriculture, changes in land use, cement production and use of chemicals all contribute to the emission of the greenhouse gases (Roggema 2009, p. 234). However, 70% of the global warming/climate change problems is caused by unsustainable use of fossil fuels. Therefore, in order to deal with the problems related to climate change, there has to be a shift from use of fossil fuels at home, in the industries, transport and generally the entire sectors of the economy (Roggema 2009, p. 203). In order to avert the challenges associated with climate change, saving of energy is essential. Electricity, automobiles and carbon emissions are the main causes of problems related to climate change. The regular incandescent light bulbs should thus be changed and replaced with the energy saving compact fluorescent bulbs which are more efficient and energy saving. The emissions that result from automobiles like motor vehicles, motorcycles should also be reduced (Letcher ScienceDirect 2009, p. 154). Climate change has been caused by human activities such as deforestation in search of more space for agricultural activities. Therefore carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere continues to rise. Being a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide has contributed to the rise of global temperatures. Roggema (2009, p. 183) cited that human activities that encroach to the environment should thus be limited to prevent further crises associated with global warming. Traditional methods of conservation of forest ecosystems should be embraced to preserve the ecosystem and mitigate the effects of climate change (Tracy 2010, p.353). Therefore reforestation should be encouraged so that the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are reduced from the atmosphere. Farming activities that promote environmental hazards such as soil erosion should thus be limited and replaced with farming approaches that are environmentally custodial. Industrialization is the major contributor to climate change. This is because of the emission of the greenhouse gases like Nitrous Oxide and Carbon dioxide (Tracy 2010, p. 354). In order to avert climate change challenges there should be focus on change in the energy used in the industries from the dirty to clean energy. Climate change scientists have advocated for the use of renewable energy as the solution to the climate change problems that are caused by the use of environmentally hazardous fuels like coal and nuclear energy in the industries in the global economy (Tracy 2010, p. 355). Climate Change and the options for Renewable Energy Human activities and natural environmental processes are all responsible for climate change. Natural causes include volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, changes in the earths orbit and solar variations. An eruption of volcanoes throws out great volumes of sulphur dioxide, water vapor, dust, and ash into the atmosphere (Wengenmayr 2008, p. 141). The large volumes of gases and ash have the ability to influence climatic patterns by increasing the planetary reflectivity leading to atmospheric cooling. The aerosols are produced by volcanoes also affects the purity of air in the atmosphere. These contribute greatly to climate change. The oceans currents are considered a great threat to the climate stability. The currents release great amounts of heat across the planet. Besides, the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere can produce El Nino. The oceans determine the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This implies that changes in the ocean circulation greatly affects climate and significantly contributes to the climate (Wengenmayr 2008, p. 231). Climate change has been caused by human activities. MacZulak (2010, p. 9) cited that this is majorly through the burning of fossil fuels, changes in the land use, and industrialization. With industrial revolution of the 19th century, fossil fuels have been used to support industrial processes. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas have been great energy supplies for the industrialized economies. However, these sources of energy have contributed to great emissions of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These are responsible for climate change (MacZulak 2010, p. 8). Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased because of human activities such as deforestation and agriculture. Methane is released through oil drilling, mining of coal, leaking gas pipelines, landfills and waste dumps (MacZulak 2010, p. 9). These greenhouse gases cause great increase in the climate change and are significantly responsible for global warming. The greatest cause of climate change and global warming however is the burning of the fossil fuels. These fuels cause emission of greenhouse gases into the earths atmosphere leading to depletion of the ozone layer and global warming (Twidell Weir 2006, p. 143). Options for Renewable Energy The term renewable energy is used in reference to the energy resources that occur naturally in the environment and can always be re-used after the initial function. Examples of this energy are the solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy.   Rivers, biomass and garbage are also considered as renewable energies (Abid, Crawford Davoudi 2009, p.167). Renewable energy is the future of the earths energy needs. However, in order to effectively combat climate change-related challenges, the global mean temperatures have to be kept below two degrees Celsius. This calls for prior planning and transformation of the industrial sectors use of energy. Renewable energy has the potential decreasing the use of fossil fuels that are to blame for most of the problems associated with climate change (Abid et al 2009, p. 169). Renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, and the bio-fuels are increasingly being used as energy alternatives. With the climate change and its crises, such form of energy has the advantage of energy security since the fossil fuels will be depleted as a result of climate change. Climate change is largely a consequence of anthropogenic activities such as burning of the fossil fuels, industrial processes, deforestation and the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It is estimated that the power sector by itself contributes about 40% of the total carbon emissions (Abid et al 2009, p. 297). This can only be altered by shifting to the use of renewable energy. Climatic impacts such as tsunamis, droughts, wildfires, floods, storms, heat waves and tornados are consequences of climate change (MacZulak 2010, p. 8). However, according to the climate change specialists, clean air policy that includes use of renewable energy can substantially mitigate the negative impacts of climate change caused by fossil fuels. Renewable energy technologies are considered to be the most potential mitigation for greenhouse gases. In the steadily growing awareness on the importance of environmental protection priorities, renewable energy is considered appropriate in the mitigation of climate change effects (Chiras 2007, p. 67). Renewable energy is the alternative to the climate change crises since it does not produce greenhouse gas emissions and pollute the air as is the case with the fossil fuels. Chiras (2007, p. 17) indicated that biomass energy for example, has been used as an alternative for fossil fuels so as to conserve the environment. It is considered a greenhouse gas neutral since its combustion releases no more carbon dioxide than was absorbed during growth period of the organic material. Biomass fuel also contain little sulphur and low combustion temperatures. This limits the formation of nitrogen oxide which is a greenhouse gas dangerous to the environment (Abid et al 2009, p. 269). Responding to Climate Change The transport industry is driven mostly by petrol. This causes emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide combines with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and cause global warming. In order to deal with this menace, there is need for countries to invest in energy efficient technologies like plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and new technologies such as hydrogen cars (Abid et al 2009, p. 297). This has the potential of reducing petroleum emissions of greenhouse gases into the air. Further, there is need to shift from air and truck transports to electric rail transport that reduces emissions significantly. Industries should shift from the fossil fuels to use of bio-fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel fuels should be used in the gasoline engines in the industrial economies. Abid et al (2009, p. 169) cited that electric vehicles can contribute into reduction of dangerous gases into the atmosphere especially if the energy is produced through the renewable energy sources. In order to deal with climate change and environmental crises associated with it, elimination of waste methane is required. Methane is considered to be one of the strongest greenhouse gases that are responsible for the climate change problems. Waste methane should thus be dealt with responsibly. This is through careful handling of oil wells, landfills, coal mines and the waste treatment plants (Chiras 2007, p. 17). This will provide a net greenhouse gas emission benefits. Biomass as a source of bio-energy can be used to capture carbon. Biomass traps carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis. When biomass is decomposed through combustion, carbon is released as carbon dioxide. This is the process involved in the carbon cycle. Biomass fuelled power plants result into a net-negative carbon dioxide emission. This implies that there will be less carbon in the atmosphere will be trapped through the technology and reduce greenhouse gases that are a threat to the environment (Abid et al 2009, p. 169). The adoption of renewable energy technologies is strategic in addressing the problems associated with climate change and global warming (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 113). From 1970s and 80s, development agencies have promoted small-scale renewable energy technologies. This includes the use of biogas, cooking stoves, the wind turbines and solar heaters in the industrializing countries. In the large scale developing countries have responded to climate change through the use of ethanol in the transport sector. This is especially the case in Brazil. In India, biogas is being used in households for lighting and cooking. Grid connected power in India and hydropower are being used in India and Nepal respectively as renewable sources of energy and safe energy for environmental conservation (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 119). Naturally Sustainable Renewable Energy As oil reservoirs and oil wells in the world run dry due to extensive exploitation and use in the energy sector, there is also an outcry in the environment that is caused by their consequences. Renewable energy sources include geothermal energy, solar, hydroelectric, biomass and wind energy (Chiras 2007, p. 233). These forms of energy have been considered to be the most environmental friendly because they dont produce high levels of greenhouse gases and other substances that are not environmentally friendly. The challenge that these forms of renewable energy have is sustainable use. Hydroelectric power uses the movement of falling water to run the turbines. Unlike other sources of energy, hydroelectricity does not depend on the fuels like natural gas or petrol to run the engines. This makes it more environmentally friendly. Besides, it is more sustainable with the sustainability of the environment so that water capacity of the dams is not interfered with. It uses the natural progression nature to generate electricity (Chiras 2007, p. 117). Hydroelectric power does not produce direct waste that pollutes the environment. It is thus considered to be environmentally sustainable (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 114). The carbon dioxide levels produced by hydroelectric power plants are considerably very low. This is however only produced during the construction stage of the plants and not in the operational phase of the plants making it environmentally friendly. As a renewable source of energy, hydroelectric power does not need the use of fuels to run the turbines. The use of petrol in the production of hydroelectric energy is not existent. This implies that when the price of the fossil fuels rises, the hydroelectric plants are often not affected. This makes it a sustainable and reliable source of energy when compared to other sources of energy (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 116). It also means that the consumer price of this form of renewable energy is fairly constant. In terms of sustainability, hydroelectric power stations last longer than the energy plant stations that are powered by fossil fuels. They are generally easy to maintain and pose no much threat to human life and property. Hydroelectric energy plants contribute to conservation of the environment. In the countries where great investments have been done in the hydropower such as Bhutan, environmental stewardship and custodianship is encouraged. Ehrfeld (2009, p. 119) cited that since it depends on water, a lot of forest conservation and reforestation is encouraged. This helps in the reduction of the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. The human activities that contribute environmental degradation are also reduced through investment in the hydroelectric power plants. Climate change is caused by human activities that tamper with the environment. However, when a country invests in the hydroelectric plants, environmental conservations efforts are boosted. With the conservation of the water catchment areas and the forests, hydroelectricity becomes a very sustainable and reliable source of renewable energy. As it produces clean energy through environmentally friendly approaches, it also helps in the protection of Mother Nature (Ehrfeld 2009, p.121). International Agreements and Government Interventions in Climate Change Various intervention efforts have been made at the community and individual levels to combat climate change and to reduce the negative effects of human activities on the environment. However, much is still needed to be done especially at the inter-state and governmental level. One of the efforts that the governments from the industrialized countries are making in the mitigating climate change is through the Kyoto Protocol. The focus of the protocol is in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions especially from the industrialized countries by 2012. The developed countries have the responsibility to reduce their emission of greenhouse gases from their large industries. These gases contribute to global warming and climate change. The Kyoto Protocol intervention targets reduction of carbon in the atmosphere (Karlsson, Lund, Mathiesen 2010, p. 488). This is through emission trading, clean development mechanism and the joint implementation. These strategies target reductions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The countries that are signatories are thus investing in renewable energy technology options in the industries. The UK government considers climate change as a priority. Its approaches include targeting households to help in energy saving and strengthen renewable energy adoption. Civil society, community and private organizations are also strengthened through grants to help in generation of renewable heat from the renewable sources (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 115). The industrialized countries are re-focusing investments towards generation of renewable energies that are environmentally friendly and are sustainable. There is thus need to encourage less use of fossil fuels and more investment in the bio-fuels. Improvement of energy efficiency is a good government strategy for dealing with the climate change problems. Reduced use of energy implies reduced production of carbon dioxide. Karlsson et al (2010 p. 501) cited that this calls for more efficient vehicles, motors, appliances and industrial processes. Besides, development of renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal, hydroelectricity, and biomass should be encouraged to reduce the consequences of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The transport sector should reduce gasoline consumption. The trucks, cars and buses use almost half of the oil in the United States. There is therefore urgent need for investment in electric and fuel-celled vehicles so as to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Transport policies should also encourage less driving of single-passenger vehicles in order to reduce greenhouse emissions (Ehrfeld 2009, p. 115). Human activities that involve land use are largely to blame for destruction of the environment. Governments should focus on developing agricultural policies that discourage environmentally hazardous practices and activities such deforestation and other human activities that are dangerous to the environment. Climate change has negatively impacted on food security. In order to therefore fight poverty, climate change must be addressed through agricultural activities and policies that are environmentally friendly (Kammen Casillas 2010, p. 1181-1182). Conclusion Climate change is greatly caused by human activities more than the natural processes. Industrialization and agricultural activities are largely responsible for the production of greenhouse gases that promote global warming and other consequences. These threaten wildlife and human existence and as such should be addressed. Renewable energy is the potential rescue of the environment from the negative effects of human activities. Governments and countries thus need to use less of fossil fuels and invest more in renewable energy technology options. These include hydropower, geothermal, wind energy and other reliable sources of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.

Purchasing and Supply Organization Department

I contacted a consultant for Mansell Ltd. and a great deal of information was gathered and analyzed. The following advice would be given for ways of improving their purchasing and supply organization. Currently, Mansell Ltd. Operates from six sites and has a central purchasing and stock control department in the North of England. Upon an analysis of the company, it has been found that orders for production materials have been placed with over 6000 different companies during the last four years. There are many benefits to be gained from buying from a smaller number of suppliers. The purchasing and supply department would be better organized and thus more efficient if less supply companies were used. Purchasing supplies from fewer companies would result in better pricing of supplies. For example, if the company purchased the same items from several different companies, it is probably getting charged more. Purchasing the same item from only one company will result in savings for the number of items bought because many companies give a discount for large quantities of items purchased. When using the same companies for purchasing, a rapport between the two is possible. When a supplier knows that his/her products will be needed by a certain company, he/she will be more likely to have those products more readily available. For example, if the seller knows that the buyer needs a thousand items each week, the seller will make sure that those items are in stock and will save them for the purchaser instead of selling them to another company. The more sellers, the more confusion there will be. Even with computer technology, having so many sellers presents a logistical problem. A purchasing and supply organization should follow certain business fundamentals. Low cost, quality, and timeless are fundamental to the business. Planning is required. Buying from fewer companies results in fewer persons to deal with. Six thousand suppliers are a large number to be dealing with. Those are far too many suppliers involved. Keeping up with that great a number of suppliers would keep several people in the purchasing department busy. In order to become more efficient and use fewer numbers of man-hours, using fewer suppliers is the answer. Diversity is good in some instances. However, the purchasing and supply organization is not one of them. In fact, diversity only caused unnecessary confusion, and too many chances for problems. Purchasing is one of the vital parts of any company. The products acquired enable the business to create or generate its product. There are a diverse number of potential suppliers, as evidenced by the 6,000 suppliers that have been utilized in the past. This number makes purchasing a chore instead of an easy adventure. The purchasing department needs as few challenges as possible. Eliminating a number of suppliers cuts down on the challenge they pose. With insight into the management of the purchasing and supply department's inner workings, many of the sellers can be eliminated. It would not be prudent to reduce the number to a handful of suppliers, what with the market what it is, but there is certainly no need for a great number of suppliers. Purchasers and buyers have a specific function. â€Å"Purchasers and buyers seek to obtain the highest quality merchandise at the lowest possible purchase cost for their employers. (In general, purchasers buy goods and services for the use of their company or organization whereas buyers buy items for resale.) They determine which commodities or services are best, choose the suppliers of the product or service, negotiate the lowest price, and award contracts that ensure the correct amount of the product or service is received at the appropriate time. In order to accomplish these tasks successfully, purchasers and buyers study sales records and inventory levels of current stock, identify foreign and domestic suppliers, and keep abreast of changes affecting both the supply of and demand for products and materials for which they are responsible† (Anonymous, 1998, PG). The way to reduce the number of suppliers would be as follows. An analysis of past purchases is required. Decide which companies have the best products for the lowest price. This is not the only factor to consider, however. Other issues, such as ability to get the product to Mansell Ltd. in a timely fashion is also important. Lower prices do not matter if the product does not get there when it is According to Steele and Court (1996), the understanding of purchasing is critical to a company's long-term ability to profit, and its survival as a company. Understanding of purchasing includes the knowledge of how best to buy resources. This includes the sellers from whom the product is purchased as well as the amount of supplies that are purchased and when they are purchased (Steele & Court, 1996). Check out the competition. Ask for samples. Make sure that the seller can deliver when he/she says he/she will, the amount of product that was agreed upon, and at or below the agreed upon cost. Proper training for the purchasing staff is vital. Regular meetings must be held. All purchasers must know the guidelines of the company. Training programs that teach the purchasers about the best manner in which to perform their jobs is important. A typical training program should include instruction by trained personnel that covers specified goals and only lasts for a day or two. Not a great deal of time should be taken up with training, but the training is vital. The proper changes must be implemented as soon as it is possible. Negotiation with potential suppliers is important. Having a good rapport between the buyer and the seller is also important. The buyer should travel to the prospective seller's company and see what the company has to offer. One-on-one meetings are still important. By getting out there and getting to know the seller, the buyer will become more than a faceless person in the North of England. He/she becomes a ‘real' person. Making acquaintances is important for business. A bond should be created between the buyer and the seller. Together the two can have a working relationship that is beneficial to the both of them. According to Killen and Kamauff (1995), purchasing is a planning process. The purchaser should determine both short and long-term needs for business operation. The purchasing function must be controlled. By doing this, its conformance to expectation levels can be ensured. Evaluations are important on a cyclic basis (Killen; Kamauff, 1995). The buyer should be able to negotiate with the seller. Prospective sellers should be able to give better prices for larger quantities. This allows the purchaser to make better decisions. The seller should be able to meet the needs of the buyer. If he/she does not, then that is not the company to deal with. The buyer does not need added stress; he/she needs products as they are required. When a seller is given the lion's share of purchases, he/she can more readily fill the orders. A purchaser must have certain tactics. Those tactics include such items as vulnerability management, supply positioning, and suppliers' preferences. He/she must be able to work with others. Communication is vital for the purchaser. Teamwork is a necessary element of purchasing. Constant reevaluation is necessary (Steele & Court, 1996). According to Malley (1998), the Internet is a viable tool for purchasing departments. Barbara Chilson is the vice president and general manager of Internet commerce for her company, which is W. W. Grainger. In Chilson's opinion, â€Å"the advent of purchasing supplies electronically, increasingly referred to as paperless purchasing, can be attributed to a variety of factors and emerging technology† (Malley, 1998). Purchasing is vital to Mansell Ltd. The purchasing department must streamline and make changes in order to make Mansell Ltd. be as profitable as possible. Having too many suppliers results in chaos. This can be resolved by reducing the number of suppliers. Technology is another important consideration. Purchasing of some items can be done online, which saves time and money.

Charles Of The I Vs. Charles The II - 1255 Words

Judmir Bullari Brit.Lit Research Paper 3/23/15 Charles the I vs. Charles the II England has gone through many kings and leaders, some better than others obviously, for example when you compare Charles the first to his son who succeeded him years after his rule Charles the second. One key difference between the two is that Charles reign ended due to his execution, and his son was able to rule till he saw his deathbed, the reasons why are quite simple. The Stuart monarchs of England restored peace and order to England after the civil wars that led to the execution of King Charles 1 in 1649, wars that continued even after the king was dead. The people of England were done with war, worried of revolutionaries and radicals, were ready to settle down, make money, and enjoy life. In 1660, the people brought back the son of King Charles the first from his exile in France, crowned him King Charles the II, and hailed him as their savior. To warn angry revolutionaries they dug up the corpse of Oliver Cromwell and cut his head off, he had ruled England between Charles 1 and Charles II. The Monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood in warfare. Charles was the second son of King James the VI of Scotland. After his father inherited the English throne, Charles moved to England and spent most of the rest of his life there. He became heir to English, Irish, and also the Scottish thrones after the death of his older brother Henry Frederick. Charles was laterShow MoreRelatedOrgan Transplantation : Medical Advancements1104 Words   |  5 Pagesconsists of, I will now go into the different ways organs are distributed and then different methods of how to increase organ donations. 1. Organ distribution a. How to fairly divide limited resources is the issue b. 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Stem Cell Delivery in Regenerative Engineering and Medicine - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2046 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/19 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Regenerate the Vascular Tissue Blood vessels composed of endothelial cells and mural cells play key roles in tissue regeneration and repair by serving as conduits to deliver oxygen and nutrients to injured and newly-formed tissues.[88] Many CVDs such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral vascular disease (PAD) are resulted from the loss of vascular supply leading to organ failure. Regeneration of blood vessels can be generally divided into two major aspects: the neovascularization in ischemic tissues, and repairing of injured blood vessels.[89] Insufficient neovascularization is the essential hurdle for treatment of ischemic diseases, especially coronary artery diseases (CADs), by regeneration of thick tissues (200 m) that cannot survival under nutrients diffusion supply alone. Delivery of endothelial cells (ECs) or related progenitor cells together with stem cells can effectively improve the neovascularization, which consequentially enhance the efficacy of stem cell therapy. For instance, a recent research reported by Zhang group encapsulated a combination of hiPSC-CMs, hiPSC-ECs, and hiPSC-derived smooth muscle cells (hiPSC-SMCs) in fibrinogen gel at ratio of 2:1:1 to fabricated human cardiac muscle patches (hCMPs) for MI treatment. Co-delivery of the hiPSC-ECs and hiPSC-SMCs with fibrinogen gel into the porcine model of MI leaded to angiogenesis factor-enriched exosome secretion that significantly improved CMs survival and maturation, and contributed to the engraftment and angiogenesis at periscar border zone, which impr oved functional recovery of myocardium as a consequence. Besides the co-delivery strategy, direct encapsulation of pro-survival peptides in biomaterials was also proved to improve angiogenesis (Figure 5).[90] Wu group conjugated bone morphogenetic protein-2 peptide analogue (BMP2), erythropoietin peptide analogue (EPO), and fibroblast growth factor-2 peptide analogue (FGF2) with collagen fibers (Col?— D?— Pep) via dendrimer linker to realize the slow release of the pro-survival factors to delivered BMMNCs. The peptide had similar biological effects as the full-length protein, but with improved stability, fewer side effects and better delivery. Due to the chemical conjugation, the pro-survival factors can be slowly released by degradation of the collagen hydrogel. The hydrogel delivery system improved the cell survival and retention. In vivo delivery of the BMMNCs with the Col?— D?— Pep hydrogel improved the blood perfusion in ischemic limb of both severe combined immune-deficient mice and immunocompetent mice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stem Cell Delivery in Regenerative Engineering and Medicine" essay for you Create order Besides the paracrine effect, ECs derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC, including ESCs and iPSCs) were reported to integrate with host tissue to from vascular structures.[91] The researchers from Yoon Group delivered the hPSC-ECs using a self-assembled peptide amphiphile conjugated with RGDS (PA-RGDS) nanomatrix gel into ischemic limb to reconstruct the vascular structure for CVDs treatment. The PA-RGDS molecule was consisted of a hydrophobic alkyl tail, and hydrophilic domain of cell adhesive ligand RGDS and biodegradable sequence of metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2). The RGD ligand promoted the adhesion and avoided anoikis of encapsulated hPSC-ECs in nanomatrix gel which is critical for cell survival during engraftment, while the MMP-2 site provided a controlled degradation of the gel which played key roles in cell integration with the host tissue.[92] Although the mechanism was not shown, the PA-RGDS nanomatrix preserved the cell viability from oxidative stress which is importa nt cytoprotection as discussed. Meanwhile, the nanomatrix gel could enhance the retention of delivered cells that were still detectable up to 21 weeks. After 10 months, the transplanted ECs integrated into host tissues which contribute to the neovascularization in ischemic areas. Additionally, providing the structural guidance such as micro-channels would further accelerate the neovascularization process.[80b, 93] Dysfunction of the narrowed arteries results in reduced blood supply to organs that will cause ischemic disease such as CAD, stroke and periphery artery disease (PAD). Current repairing strategy is bypass surgery using autologous grafts (e.g. patient vein) or synthetic polymer graft (e.g. Teflon). However, the availability of autologous grafts is patient-limited availability and the harvest process is invasive.[94] However, the usage of synthetic graft usually resulted in repeated revascularization procedures due to the acute and chronic occlusion caused by graft infection and other complication.[95] Recent development in biomaterials and cell therapy could shed light on the possible solution. For instance, Woo group manufactured the engineered vascular conduits (EVCs) using cell sheets from patient-derived smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts.[96] The EVCs was further perfused with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for maturation. The artificial mature EVCs showe d native artery comparable structure and mechanical strength, which leaded to completely recovery of blood perfusion in ligated hindlimb of rats. Besides the cannular vascular grafts, stem cell patch was also shown to be useful in repairing of ateries. Mayer group fabricated a hybrid scaffold using an elastomeric polymer of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) and methacrylated gelatin (GelMa) hydrogel (Figure 6).[97] A fibrous elastic scaffold was firstly prepared with dry spinning of P4HB in random and aligned manner which had uniform and anisotropic mechanical properties, respectively. Then GelMa was introduced into the fibrous P4HB scaffold to provide a hospitable environment for cell growth. Cells encapsulated in the hybrid scaffold showed more uniform distribution compared to the cells directly seeded onto P4HB scaffold. In vivo delivery of MSCs and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) using the hybrid scaffold on sheep pulmonary artery enabled the tissue formation throughout the scaf fold and prevented the surface thrombosis. This was attributed to the compatible environment provided by the GelMa hydrogel encapsulation, as well as the mechanical support by P4HB fibrous scaffold under physiological pressure in vivo. Other potential strategies via decellularized vascular structures without pre-seeding of stem cells are also proved to be efficient to induce vascularization which is beyond the scope of this review.[98] Despite the achievements in preclinical studies, few clinical trials were carried involving biomaterials delivery system for stem cells therapy (Table 2).[99] Therefore, more work is required to further evaluate and translate the developed functional biomaterials to provide new options for cardiovascular regeneration to fulfill the bench-to-bedside approach. Biomaterials for Stem Cell Delivery in Neruoregeneration Damages to the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves due to traumatic injuries, stroke, tumor, infection or neurodegenerative diseases are often permanent and incapacitating, presenting tremendous burden on the patients, their families and society. The adult nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS), has limited capability to regenerate to establish the correct axonal and dendritic connections.[100] Instead, a cascade of events happen as a consequence of damages, including the production of glial scar, which represents a molecular and physical barrier to regeneration, leading to neuronal degeneration and cell death.[101] Current clinical treatments are designed to pharmacologically improve the disease symptoms in combination with rehabilitation activities to restore physical function to some extent; however, no therapies are yet available to fully restore lost functions or slow ongoing neurodegeneration following the injury or disease.[102] It has been re cognized that the failure of neurons to regenerate was not an intrinsic deficit of the neuron, but rather a characteristic feature of the damaged environment that either did not support or prevented regeneration.[101] Therefore, strategies aim to fully regenerate the damaged nerves should not only focus on supplying the cells lost due to injury or disease to re-establish the connections, but also improving the local environment to support regeneration and prevent further degeneration. Stem cells have great promise as a source for introducing new neurons or glial cells to the damaged nervous system. For instance, neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) can be isolated from the mammalian neonatal CNS,[103] or derived from pluripotent stem cells such as ESCs and iPSCs,[104] which can in turn be differentiated into neurons and glia cells of the nervous system when delivered to the damaged regions. In addition, NS/PCs can also modulate immune and inflammatory responses, leading to neuroprotective effect to the surrounding tissues.[105] Clinical trials of allogenic NS/PCs transplantation to patients with ALS,[106] stroke,[107] and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD)[108] have found consistently favorable safety profile during early phase trials. Other cell types, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are also investigated by researchers preclinically[109] and clinically[110] for their ability to facilitate neuroregeneration via paracr ine actions of neural protection, plasticity, antiinflammation, and angiogenesis, rather than direct transdifferentiating into neural cells.[111] Advanced biomaterials can provide a structural platform to bridge the gap of damaged neural tissue, deliver stem cells to the site of injury, enable and augment the targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules, and help rebuild damaged circuits and repair damaged neuronal pathways.[102b, 112] In a 2016 meta-analysis of preclinical studies using NSPC transplantation for spinal cord injury treatment, it was found that scaffold use in NSPC transplantation effectively raise functional recovery comparing to scaffold-free cell suspension.[113] The ideal materials for neural regeneration should be biocompatible with low immunogenicity, mechano-compatible to provide structural support to the surrounding neural tissue, and encouraging stem cell survival, differentiation and integration.[102b, 114] In this section, we highlight some of our colleagues recent work of neuroregeneration in the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves (Table 3) that utilized advanced biomaterial-assisted ste m cell delivery strategies to regenerate neural tissues. Regenerate the Brain Tissues Stem or progenitor cell transplantation after brain damage due to ischemic stroke or traumatic injury was shown to promote neuro-regeneration in pre-clinical models.[115] Early-phase clinical studies to evaluate the intracerebral transplantation of allogenic human neural stem cells (NSCs)[107] and MSCs[116] have also demonstrated promising safety profiles in stroke patients. However, these studies are limited by poor survival of the transplant when administered as a suspended form into the damaged brain, most likely due to the ischemic and pro-inflammatory environment, the immunological attack and the abrupt withdrawal of growth factor and adhesive support.[114] To solve this problem, biomaterial scaffolds can serve as delivery vehicles for transplanted cells, facilitating neuronal outgrowth and connectivity between grafted and host cells. Moreover, the scaffolds can be modified to provide local and sustained delivery of proteins, and the surface can be topographically altered to for m alignment, coated with ligands or modified to possess a surface charge to promote attachment, growth and differentiation of neural stem cells.[102b] Some earlier works used porous biodegradable polymers such as polyglycolic acid (PGA) as cell-seeding scaffolds, which supported new brain tissue regeneration around the degenerating scaffold and formed a network of neurites with axonal regeneration.[117] However, the transplantation of cell seeded polymer scaffold requires invasive surgical procedures, which may cause further damage to the vulnerable brain tissue. Alternatively, hydrogels containing ECM proteins such as collagen, laminin and fibronectin could be injected with stem cells to allow minimally invasive cell delivery.[118] The ECM-based scaffolds were found to significantly improve cell survival rate comparing to cells in suspension by many groups.[119] However, the xenogeneic nature of ECM-based scaffolds and the potential immune response to the antigenic components of xenogeneic materials represent a critical barrier to the use of xenogeneic scaffolds in translational applications.[120] Synthetic ECM-derived peptides, s uch as laminin-derived IKVAV and fibronectin-derived RGD could be used to form ECM-memetic hydrogels by self-assembly[121] or incorporation with other biopolymer materials (e.g. hyaluronic acid[122] and alginate[123]) to allow effective delivery and differentiation of stem cells to the brain, without the use of xenogeneic materials. Engineering strategies can further encourage the migration, survival and differentiation of NS/PCs by promoting a stem cell niche-like environment that helps rebuild a functional neuronal network. As an example, the Segura group has engineered a series of hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogels with various peptide modifications.[122, 124] Their initial delivery of iPS-NPCs to the stroke cavity within the HA based matrix modified with RGD and MMP sensitive peptide promoted the differentiation of transplanted cells; however, the material did not significantly promote stem cell survival.[122a] To improve stem cell survival, the group utilized the Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology to optimize the concentrations of three ECM ligands (RGD, YIGSR, IKVAV) in vitro for the survival and differentiation of NPCs by determining the individual and combinatorial effects of each factor on cell activity.[124] Further DOE optimization and modification was carried out combining mechanical, biochemi cal and trophic factors, and a later animal study using the systematically optimized HA hydrogel resulted in selective control of human neural stem cell survival and differentiation after transplantation in the stroke brain[122b] (Figure 7A). Moreover, the HA hydrogel can be tracked in vivo with MRI, enabling non-invasive tracking for material distribution and degradation. Recent work from the same group also focuses on cell-free approach of brain tissue regeneration after stroke by promoting vascularization and reducing inflammation, which is beyond the scope of this review.[125]

Sensitive periods - 2107 Words

Assignment 2: Define the term sensitive periods and link them appropriately to the child’s first stage of development. Explain how you would support these sensitive periods during this first crucial stage. Dr. Maria Montessori, basing on her scientific child observation, concluded that children learn and adjust to their surroundings on their own and by the means of inner powers (Montessori, 1966) they possess at birth: the Absorbent Mind (Montessori, 2007a), human tendencies (Montessori, 1966) and sensitive periods (Montessori, 1966). Essential skills acquisition and adjustment occurs in the first six years of life and requires a great deal of freedom, a mindful assistance of an adult and a favorable environment (Montessori,†¦show more content†¦This is a period of a â€Å"constructive perfectionment†(Montessori, 2007b, p153) through an active experience. Children look for purposeful activities, that will allow them to explore the environment and master their skills. Thus at this time the organs and mental abilities, that were firstly developed separately, are coming to the cohesion. Memory starts to appear, taking place of the mneme (Montessori, 2007a), where impressi ons from the first threeShow MoreRelatedSensitive Period to Order - Montessori1167 Words   |  5 Pagesthe child’s sensitive period for order. I will explain how it is catered for in the classroom, referring to materials and activities. Sensitive Periods The Sensitive Periods are the best times for a child to learn a specific skill and are critical to the child’s self development. The child has this inner urge to undertake the task in order to live. Although, once this period passes it is possible for the child to learn the new skill but with much more difficulty. A sensitive period that is preventedRead MoreMontessori - What Are the Six Sensitive Periods?1777 Words   |  8 PagesWhat are the 6 sensitive periods? Write 7 to 8 lines on each of them? The Sensitive Periods in a child’s life was Dr. Maria Montessori’s greatest discovery. Though it was first discovered by a Dutch Scientist, Hugo de Vries, it was on animals, but Dr. Maria Montessori found the existence of this period in children too. The term â€Å"Sensitive Period† is used for a specific period of a child’s mental growth, during which the different sensibilities enable him to choose from a complex environment whatRead MoreSensitive Periods1496 Words   |  6 PagesSensitive Periods Define the term sensitive periods Sensitive periods are a period in a child’s life where they are obsessed with certain aspects of learning without any particular reason. This period is an optimum time for development and children can really develop specific abilities and skills. When children are in their sensitive periods and working with any activity, they will not show any signs of fatigue and will repeat the activity a number of times. These periods last for a certainRead MoreDefine the Term Sensitive Periods and Link Them Appropriately to the Child’s First Stage of Development2382 Words   |  10 PagesFULL below: Define the term sensitive periods and link them appropriately to the child’s first stage of development. Explain how you would support these sensitive periods during this first crucial stage.- Briefly outline the stages of growth (planes of development). -Define the term sensitive periods and give full details of the six main periods, together with examples to show your understanding. -Explain why it is important to support and facilitate these periods during the child’s first stageRead MoreThe influence of the Absorbent Mind, and the Sensitive Periods on the childs development of movement, language and social skills.1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In this essay I will define the Absorbent Mind and the Sensitive period and illustrate the influence of these periods on the child s development of movement, language and social skills. A child in his absorbent mind develops his movement, his language and social skills by soaking knowledge. He takes steps in different sensitive period and repeats his movements, words or social skill actions to improve and to perfect his movement, language and social skills. The Absorbent Mind: DrRead MoreSensitive Periods During The Caterpillar Of The Prosthesis Butterfly Essay2080 Words   |  9 PagesSENSITIVE PERIODS Introduction: ‘Sensitive periods’ is a term developed by the Dutch geneticist Hugo de Vries and later used by the Italian educator Maria Montessori. Montessori cites DeVries’ example of a Sensitive Period in the caterpillar of the Prosthesis butterfly. The caterpillar must feed on very tender leaves, and yet the butterfly lays its eggs in the most hidden fork of the branch, near the trunk of the tree. Who will show the little caterpillars hidden there, the moment they leave theRead MoreEssay on Sensitive Periods in Developement1258 Words   |  6 PagesSensitive Periods in Developement The child does not grow uniformly and homogeneously like a crystal or a carrot, but by stages or phases, which succeed one another and which, differ from one another. For proper growth and development it is necessary that the potentialities for developing human relationships with which the infant is born be exposed to the organizing influences of another human being. Accumulating evidence indicates that there exist critical developmental periods during whichRead MoreDefine the Term Sensitive Periods and Link Them Appropriately to the Child’s First Stage of Development. Explain How You Would Support These Sensitive Periods During This First Crucial Stage.2109 Words   |  9 PagesDefine the term sensitive periods and link them appropriately to the child’s first stage of development. Explain how you would support these sensitive periods during this first crucial stage. In this essay I will define the term sensitive periods linking it with stage of development, I will also outline the importance of these periods , the consequences of not recognising it, and finally how we can support children in this crucial time. A sensitive periods refers to a special sensibilityRead MoreIn South Africa, adolescence is a sensitive period, and not a critical period, for identity1600 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Africa, adolescence is a sensitive period, and not a critical period, for identity development as it is â€Å"a period during which normal development is most sensitive to abnormal environmental conditions† (Bruer, 2001). When looking at South Africa particularly, the abnormal environmental conditions would be apartheid, and one will see its profound effects on identity development. Adolescence is a sensitive period rather than a critical period as a critical period focuses on a system that â€Å"requiresRead MoreSensitive Periods in Early Development Essay examples1346 Words   |  6 PagesSensitive Periods in Early Development From the moment of conception to the moment we are born and grow into adulthood, the timing of even the first beginning of our life journey is crucial. Even the timing of fertilization can be too soon or too late in which will cause the organism to be destroyed. (The Development of Children, 2nd ed). The mother carrying a baby has a responsibility to ensure enough nutrition is supplied for the rapid growth of the organism. However

Law Revision Free Essays

She care for her own self interest and has not bring a new product opportunity to FAA Case: Re Come 191 1 Fact: A father had been assisted in his business by his second son. After the father’s death, the mother transferred the business assets to that second son. After her death, the elder son sought the transfer Of those assets back into her estate, saying that in the absence of her having taken independent advice, the younger son’s position brought an implication of undue influence. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Revision or any similar topic only for you Order Now Director’s fiduciary duties are owed only to the company, not to the individual share holders. Case: Percival v Wright 1902 Facts: Percival wished to sell his shares in the company and wrote to the company secretary asking if he knew f anyone willing to buy. After negotiations, the chairman of the board of directors arranged the purchase of 253 shares, 85 for himself and 84 for each of his fellow directors at a price based on Percival valuation of the shares. The transfers were approved by the board and the transactions completed. Soon afterwards, Percival discovered that prior to and during the negotiations for the sale of his shares, another person was negotiating with the board for the purchase of the whole company and was offering various prices for shares, all of which exceeded the price paid to Percival. Percival then brought n action against the directors asking for the sale of his shares to be set aside for non-disclosure. Held: The directors are not trustee for the individual shareholders and may purchase their shares without disclosing that they are negotiating for the sale of the entire company. Fruity has not informed to the board of FAA when she set up a company called Cure Life Ltd (CLC) and become majority shareholder. Case: The board of trustees of the Saba Foundation Or’s v Dates Seed chick bin Seed Mohamed nor [1 999] ‘A fiduciary is someone who has undertake to act for or on behalf of another in a particular tater in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single minded loyalty of his fiduciary†¦ This core liability has several facts. A fiduciary must act in good faith; he must not make for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent Of his principal. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but it is sufficient to indicate the nature of fiduciary obligations.. They are the defining characteristics of the fiduciary†¦ E is not subject to fiduciary obligations because he is fiduciary; it is because he is subject to them that he is a fiduciary. ‘ The key fide carry obligations of the directors are To act Boniface in the interest of the company Directors are required to act Boniface for the benefit of the company as a whole. The Act also imposes similar duty on directors: SSL 32 (1) Case: Re Lee Barrens Ltd [1932] Facts: A dispute arose over the purchase by the company of pension policies for the benefit of employees and their spouses. It was claimed that the particular policy issued was a misuse of the directors’ power. Held: The judge set out a three part test for determining whether the directors were using their powers properly: (1) Was the transaction entered into in good faith? (2) Was the transaction reasonably incidental to the carrying on of the company’s business? (3) Was the transaction done for the benefit of the company and to promote its prosperity? 1) No (2) NO (3) Yes TO exercise their power under the company’s constitution for proper purpose Because directors are fiduciaries they can only exercise powers given to them for the purpose for which those powers were given and for no other purpose or which those powers were given and for no other purpose, and the exercise of a power for an improper purpose can be challenged even if the directors’ good faith is not in question To avoid conflict of interest and not to profit from their position In the situation, Fruity has proposed FAA enters into a contract with CLC to buy supplies of the organic fruit drink product for resale. The board agrees and as part of the contract Fruity negotiates with the board that she will be paid RUMOR,000 commission because she drew the board’s attention to this new product opportunity. The board of FAA did not know that Fruity is the majority shareholder of CLC. There is a conflict of interest between the two position Managing Director of Freshness Always Sad Bad and as the majority shareholder of CLC. Fruity also has set up the price for commission of RUMOR,OOH to draw attention towards the new product opportunity. Case: Aberdeen Railway co v Blaine Brose [1843-60] Facts: The railway company agreed to buy chairs from a partnership, Blaine Brose. Blaine, a member of the partnership was also a director of the company. When the partners tried to enforce the contract the company successfully claimed that the contract was avoidable owing to the director’s conflict of interest. Held: Lord Charwoman said: â€Å"His duty to the company imposed on him the obligation of obtaining these iron chairs at the lowest possible price. His personal interest would let him in an entirely opposite direction – would induce him to fix the price as high as possible. This is the very evil against which the rule is directed. † A director has a duty not to make a personal profit out of his connection with the company. This rule applies even if no loss is suffered by the company. However, if he does he must count for the profit to the company. Fruity has make a personal profit in connection with FAA and CLC. The FAA may suffer no loss due to FAA makes large profits selling the organic green product. Case: Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v Cooley [1 972] Facts: The managing director of IDS attempted to secure a contract on Id’s behalf with the Eastern Gas Board. KGB indicated to him that they were not prepared to deal with IDS but might be prepared to contract with the director (Cooley) personally. Cooley then represented to IDS that he was ill and was allowed to terminate his contract t short notice. He then negotiated with KGB and obtained the consultancy for himself. Held: He must account to IDS for the profit he obtained for the contracts. He was in breach of duty and it was immaterial that IDS could not have obtained the contract itself. Case: Cook v Deeds [1 91 6] Facts: Three directors of the Toronto Construction Co Ltd were supposed to be negotiating a construction contract on behalf of the company. Instead they formed another company and took the Contract for themselves. They were holders of 75% of the share capital of Toronto Construction, and used this charity to pass a resolution at general meeting that the company had no interest in the contract. Held: A director can normally keep a personal profit the company consents, but this consent is invalid if the director concerned controls the voting at general meeting. This was fraud on the minority. Section 131 (1) requires a director who is directly or indirectly interested in a contract with his company to declare promptly the nature of that interest at meeting of directors. Section 132(1) imposes a broad duty on directors at all the times to act honestly and exercise reasonable diligence in the exercise of heir power and the discharge of the duties of their office. This is based on a question of fact: case Yen Hinge enterprise Sad Bad v Dates Dry Eng pooh Aka [1 988] Regarding the extend of the meaning of â€Å"honesty’, the case of Multi Pack Singapore pet Ltd ( In Receivership ) v Interact Ltd Or’s [1994] explains that this does not mean that the directors had acted fraudulently, it means that he must act bona fide in the interests of the company and that in exercising his creation, the director should act only to promote and advance the interest of the company’. Misuse of confidential information How to cite Law Revision, Essays

Importance Of Health Literacy Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Importance Of Health Literacy. Answer: Importance of Health Literacy Literacy is the ability to read, write, and interpret information. Health literacy involves the ability of an individual to acquire, interpret and understand information on health to help in making critical health decisions. Communication is the process through which information is conveyed from one point to another or from one person to another through different channels. Effective communication is important in our day to day lives, because it is through effective communication that we are able to listen, learn and understand. Effective communication can make an illiterate person understand any information being conveyed. One of the major problems in Australia that increase the rate of chronic diseases and illness is illiteracy. The fact that a patient is not able to read, write and interpret medical information can adversely affect the patients health in various ways (Hernandez, 2013).. It is the responsibility of both the patient and the doctor or nurse to make sure that each of t hem is on the same track in order to help the patient understand what is expected of them when it comes to medication and self-management. Effective communication goes a long way in helping a patient in understanding their Illness, what is expected of them during their treatment and how to take their medication. Strategies There are different effective intervention strategies which can help improve the illiterate people in being at par with their doctors or nurses in charge this includes; using oral literacy. People come from different backgrounds and ethnic group, this is the same even in patients who have chronic illness. They have different backgrounds, and their level of literacy is also different. Oral literacy is one of the most important strategies that should be put in place to help the patients understand the doctor and nurses. Oral literacy is a basic need for better communication between the patient and the doctor, the patients need to get the information as intended, and they also need to understand the information given to them. The doctors are advised to use a plain language without jargons which can be clearly understood by the patient. They also need to speak slow and fluently explaining to the patient what they are suffering from, the kind medication and treatment prescribed to them an d how they should take the medication. Doctors should create a more interactive conversation to understand the patients concern as well so that the patients need can be looked into during their conversation, and through this the patient will absolutely understand their conditions and the reason for their medication. The second strategy is print literacy, print is one of the most common ways for doctor-patient communication within the system. There is a high possibility that most patients do not understand most of the prescriptions written by the doctor and directions written on their medication. Print literacy helps the patient to understand doctors prescriptions among other things (De Chesnay Anderson 2012). People who are illiterate will barely understand most of the writings on their medication and this can lead to an overdose or underdose. It is important that when the doctor is writing they should use big fonts, clear words with plain language. They should include appropriate diagrams for illustrations, the writing should be straight to the point explaining for example what time to take medications and the writing should avoid errors because this might bring confusion to the patient. Numeracy is an element of health literacy referring to the ability to understand numbers. It is important t o put in place a system that helps the patents understand numerical information since this is always part of print as a means of passing important information to the patient regarding his or her health. Illiterate patients cannot understand most of the numeric information that are written on their medication or prescriptions. Most of these patients whose suffer from chronic diseases are old, tired and just need great care and time to adjust, most of them cannot perform even a simple calculation. These are some of the reasons as to why it is even hard for them to determine when their next appointment schedule is. Ideas learnt As a nurse student, I have learned is that its not good to make an assumption about a patient with chronic illness, thinking that they are aware of what they are doing at health facilities. This is important because it will help me make sure they understand their conditions, treatment, and medication by giving them the right information that they need and allowing them to ask as many questions for this will give them the knowledge for their conditions and the responsibilities required of them. The second idea is that, when dealing with a chronically ill patient, it is important that the information is tailored in a way that it conveys the important information regarding the patients health and at the same time educating the patient about their health. The information should be easy to read, understand and interpret for the purpose of a positive feedback (Schwartzberg, Vangeest, Wang 2005). Another idea learned is the importance of motivation, patients with chronic illness are very v ulnerable and they need great care. When attending to patients with chronic illness its important that they are motivated to take their medication, to come for checkups on the required date and to make them understand that their condition is manageable but its upon them to take care of themselves too and to have a positive attitude. The way you treat a patient can either help them in improving their health conditions or can make their conditions worse because they may decide to leave medication and take it only when they feel unwell or skip the checkup dates because they wont see the essence of it. Observations Health literacy is a major concern because of its effects both the literate and the illiterate. Due to low health literacy, there are a lot of problems that many people incur due to their low level of literacy. In these scenarios, the first observation made is that there are people who can read and write but the cannot understand the medical terms and this leads to the misunderstanding of how to take their medication and this can lead to adverse effects on the patient. It is necessary that health literacy education is important to all people across the board. Another observation made is that most doctors give medication to the patients without explanation as to why they need the medication, what are they ailing from, and what is the medicine meant to treat and for how long. The medics leave the patients to figure out all these questions on their own and this is the reason as to why some patients wont take medication because they do not know what they are suffering from and the kind o f medication given to them (Pleasant, Greer, Zarcadoolas 2013). If the doctors could clearly explain this kind of issues then they would increase the chances of making their patients aware of why they need medication. The last observation made is that there are patients who cannot read well and write. This group of patients has a big problem on reading the labels on their medication and this often leads to underdose or overdose, or even poor timing of the medication. These patients do not know the time intervals for their medication because its written in a medical language that is complicated and they can barely understand. The doctors should, therefore, write in a layman language that anyone can understand (Bastable, Gramet, Jacobs, Sopczyk 2011). Another observation related to this is the fact that some patients cannot write and on their visits to the doctor they are given forms to fill and this is a turn off for those who cannot read and write and because they do not want to s how their level of illiteracy they prefer going back without getting assistance. Brown bag medication review is when the patients are encouraged to bring in all their medications for review. Brown bag medication is of importance when dealing with patients with chronic illness because it will help in understanding the patients progress and the kind of medication they are taking. Brown bag medication is important for establishing the reasons as to why the patient, for example, could not be responding to the medication. Secondly, this review is of help to the patient because if in case of a new symptom the doctor can easily detect the cause of the symptom and find an alternative. Lastly, this medication review helps the doctor in checking if the patient is taking their medications correctly as directed. Communication tip Talk-ask-talk way of communication is important because it gives room for interactions with the patient to understand how well the patient is conversant with their illness, medication and the condition among others things. Teach-back method in this case is important because during the interactions the patient is able to learn a few things, and with teach back method the patient is given time to say it back what he is being told and this is one of the most effective methods of making sure that the patient has completely understood what he is being told or advised by the doctor to do. Roles of nurse navigator Nurse navigator is a registered nurse who has an in-depth understanding of the health system and responsible for providing the needed services for patients with chronic illness who require a high level of clinical care (Bastable, 2014). Navigators can help the low health literate patients who cannot read and right by helping the patients find the right service, at the right time and the right place. Secondly, they should help the patients by creating an interactive communication with the patient to get the patients concern and answer, this makes the patient free to ask anything they are concerned about. Lastly, the navigators should educate the patients so that they can understand their conditions and other issues of concern through this the patient can be able to make clear decisions hence improving their health outcome. In conclusion, advocating for health literacy is very vital, since it is the only key through which people are able to understand their health conditions, reasons f or them to take their medication as prescribed and this will definitely change the worldview of the patients with chronic illness. References Bastable, S. B. 2014.Nurse as educator: principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. Burlington, MA, Jones Bartlett Learning. Bastable, S. B., Gramet, P., Jacobs, K., Sopczyk, D. L. 2011.Health professional as educator: principles of teaching and learning. Sudbury, MA, Jones Bartlett Learning. De Chesnay, M., Anderson, B. A. 2012.Caring for the vulnerable: perspectives in nursing theory, practice, and research. Burlington, MA, Jones Bartlett Learning. https://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/144963592X. Hernandez, L. M. 2013.Health literacy: improving health, health systems, and health policy around the world : workshop summary. Pleasant, A., Greer, D. S., Zarcadoolas, C. 2013.Advancing health literacy: a framework for understanding and action. San Francisco, Calif, Jossey-Bass. https://rbdigital.oneclickdigital.com. Schwartzberg, J. G., Vangeest, J., Wang, C. 2005.Understanding health literacy: implications for medicine and public health. [Chicago, Ill.], American Medical Association.