Oedipus Rex As Tragedy The Philosopher Must Be Crazy

Oedipus Rex as Tragedy: The Philosopher Must Be Crazy Throughout the ages many scholars have agreed with Aristotle s assessment of Oedipus Rex (the Athenian tragedy written by Sophocles) as the truest form of tragedy; however, modern viewers might remark that it is unworthy of such praise and instead should be exemplified as the proof that an addition to Aristotle s ideal of tragedy itself is required: the element of timelessness. Throughout history, many have believed that man s ability to produce a poetic reflection of the world around him is what sets him apart from lesser lifeforms. Italian Jurist Giambattista Vico famously wrote in his book The New Science that, This poetic wisdom, the knowledge of the theological poets, was unquestionably the first wisdom of the world... This belief spurred philosophers to extensive study on the nature of the poetic. Aristotle is one such scholar. The result of this study is the tenet of katharsis (catharsis), which he introduces through his interpretation of the form and function of the tragic po em. Tragedy as a work of art, Aristotle claimed, can be defined as the, imitation of an action, specifically of the joys and sorrows of mankind. While seemingly simplistic, this principal concept of tragedy as mimicry is pivotal to the development of axiomatic catharsis, or the reaction to the mimicked pity and fear presented by the performed tragedy which culminates in the purging of the same emotions from within the viewer,

The Pitfall of Cheap Paper Online

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Problem on Sexual Harassment Free Essays

Sexual harassment is one of the biggest problems facing our schools and businesses today. A week rarely goes by without a reminder of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment as a social problem. Sexual harassment is a growing problem in the government agencies, schools, and the corporations of the world; however, many corporations are now adopting new anti-harassment policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem on Sexual Harassment or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Conta) The definition of sexual harassment is any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. That includes touching, looks, comments, or gestures. A key part of sexual harassment is that it is one sided and unwanted. There is a great difference between sexual arassment and romance or friendship, since those are mutual feelings of two people. Often sexual harassment makes the victim feel guilty, but it is important for the victim to remember that it is not their fault, the fault lies totally on the person who is the harasser. Many times fear is involved in sexual harassment because it isn’t about physical attraction, it’s about power. In fact, many sexual harassment incidents take place when one person is in a position of power over the other; or when a woman has an untraditional job such as a police officer, factory worker, business executive, or ny other traditionally male job. Typical victims of harassment are young, single, college-educated, members of a minority racial or ethnic group (if male), in a trainee position (or office/ clerical positions if male), or have an immediate supervisor of the opposite Presently, it is hard for courts and others to decide when sexual harassment has taken place because the definition of sexual harassment is much too broad. Clearing up the legal definition of sexual harassment would discourage and punish harassers and bring comfort to the victims. Here are some points to remember in deciding hen sexual harassment takes place: Sexual harassment is one-sided and * It is about power and not attraction. * Subtle sexual behavior is sometimes socially acceptable, but some would consider it offensive and want it stopped. * Moderate sexual behavior is not socially acceptable, reasonable * Severe sexual behavior is never acceptable. (Swisher 28) Sexual harassment is a major problem in public schools, colleges, and universities. Surveys on college campuses show the number of respondents reporting to have been sexually harassed ranging from 40-70 percent. Only two percent of campus harassment ases involve a professor demanding sex in return for a good grade. Most cases involve male and female students. In public schools current sexual harassment definitions are inappropriate, since bad sexual behavior of today’s children isn’t sexual harassment, but it is a reflection of the vulgar, violent, and the sexually explicit nature of our media and culture. When little six-year-old children get suspended from school for kissing girls on the cheek, it is not an example of sexual harassment but of political Sexual harassment is still a big problem in schools and every school district in Washington now has an antiharassment policy. Junior high or middle school has the biggest problem with sexual harassment mainly because of their immaturity and out-of-control hormones†. Says Viki Simmons of the YWCA. â€Å"Many times in high school, students don’t think anything about it when harassment happens, but schools are now cracking down on it†. Simmons interview) In the business world employers are now on notice that sexual harassment will no longer be tolerated in the workplace. Claims brought against alleged harassers include wrongful termination, invasion of privacy, violation of due process and free speech rights, efamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Sexual harassment usually happens to women in low-paying jobs, or women that have to have a job in order to support themselves and children. If sexual harassment happens at work, write down a detailed description of what took place, so that it is well recorded and you don’t have to think back to the incident. You should keep a note pad handy for this purpose, or write it on a napkin to help you * What actually took place and what the offender said Another way to do this is to write a letter to the harasser. Be sure to keep a copy. Tell the person clearly in the letter that his behavior toward you is unwanted. Tell the person that he will be reported if the behavior doesn’t stop (Kolbert). According to the research group Catalyst, recent studies have found that 40 percent to 60 percent of woman say they have been harassed sometime in their Employers have a duty to investigate allegations of sexual harassment, and their employees have a legitimate interest in knowing what activities could result in their termination. Ever clearer definitions of sexual harassment are being implemented by more and more corporations around the country. As this happens, an ncreasing number of companies are searching for new ways of protecting themselves against allegations, adopting their own anti- harassment policies to combat this growing problem. CEO’s should do a variety of things to stop sexual harassment in the work place. The most important thing is senior management makes it clear to workers that harassment in any form won’t be tolerated. If top managers don’ take the issues seriously, employees won’t either. Managers must also understand they are responsible for their Companies need an explicit written policy on sexual harassment that is widely available in the workplace. Most consultants advise companies to do more than just post the policy on bulletin boards. They should distribute it company wide, repeatedly. Copies should be included in new employee orientation packets. Employees should have clear definitions of what sexual harassment is Many companies are now offering employee training sessions on sexual harassment, and many say that follow up training is a good idea. Training programs should include all employees, rather than just managers. The tone should be gender neutral and avoid heavy discussions on male harassment that might cause some resentment among the male employees. Many times programs aren’t effective because they spend a lot of time just attacking men and not the crime. Companies need a good system to deal with complaints. A clear process for handling complaints shows that a company takes them seriously. Until 1991 it was harder for woman to make allegations of sexual harassment, since woman felt like there was nothing that they could do about it. But the highly publicized hearings of Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill in 1991 changed everything. During the fall of 1991, the subject of sexual harassment grabbed news headlines. Everyone began discussing this issue and motions ran high. Judge Clarence Thomas was nominated to be a Supreme Court Justice, which is America’s highest court, and Supreme Court Justices have their jobs for life. They cannot be fired. Before a person can be made a Justice, he or she must be questioned and Judge Thomas was ounce the head of a U. S. agency called the EEOC. The EEOC makes sure everyone is treated fairly when applying for a job. It also enforces laws against sexual harassment. Anita Hill is a law professor who worked with Judge Thomas at the EEOC many years ago. A few weeks into the Congressional Questioning she came orward and accused Thomas of sexual harassment. She claimed that he used to constantly ask her for dates and spoke to her about pornographic films he had seen. Anita Hill said that she was deeply offended by these remarks but felt that she could not complain. Clarence Thomas was her boss, and she thought that her career could be Anita Hill was a very believable witness. But Judge Thomas denied her charges in the strongest possible terms. Who was telling the truth? The country was divided. But the issue was being discussed everywhere. Women from all across the nation told of their experiences with sexual harassment. And many men admitted being Finally, the senate voted to approve Judge Thomas. But the vote was close. Many senators had doubts about Thomas’s character. Others did not the, Thomas’s career should be destroyed because of one person’s story. They said there was not enough evidence to prove there was wrongdoing. In the end, everyone agreed that sexual harassment is a serious problem everyone must become more sensitive It’s important to know that men have trouble too. Women are not the only victims of sexual harassment. More and more men are being harassed in the workplace, classrooms, and locker rooms. Whoever is in the position of power tends to be the harasser. Men can be victims of both woman and other men Sexual harassment is very wide spread, but there are ways of avoiding it, such as: Keeping everything strictly on a business level. If working in the same room as the harasser, create a barrier between the two work stations with a desk or file cabinet, etc. Do not ask for personal favors or special treatment from the harasser so that he won’t feel he is owed anything. Do not talk about anything personal. Sexual harassment is always wrong. No one deserves it. And it is always hurtful to the victim. How to cite Problem on Sexual Harassment, Essay examples

Problem on Sexual Harassment Free Essays

Sexual harassment is one of the biggest problems facing our schools and businesses today. A week rarely goes by without a reminder of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment as a social problem. Sexual harassment is a growing problem in the government agencies, schools, and the corporations of the world; however, many corporations are now adopting new anti-harassment policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem on Sexual Harassment or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Conta) The definition of sexual harassment is any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. That includes touching, looks, comments, or gestures. A key part of sexual harassment is that it is one sided and unwanted. There is a great difference between sexual arassment and romance or friendship, since those are mutual feelings of two people. Often sexual harassment makes the victim feel guilty, but it is important for the victim to remember that it is not their fault, the fault lies totally on the person who is the harasser. Many times fear is involved in sexual harassment because it isn’t about physical attraction, it’s about power. In fact, many sexual harassment incidents take place when one person is in a position of power over the other; or when a woman has an untraditional job such as a police officer, factory worker, business executive, or ny other traditionally male job. Typical victims of harassment are young, single, college-educated, members of a minority racial or ethnic group (if male), in a trainee position (or office/ clerical positions if male), or have an immediate supervisor of the opposite Presently, it is hard for courts and others to decide when sexual harassment has taken place because the definition of sexual harassment is much too broad. Clearing up the legal definition of sexual harassment would discourage and punish harassers and bring comfort to the victims. Here are some points to remember in deciding hen sexual harassment takes place: Sexual harassment is one-sided and * It is about power and not attraction. * Subtle sexual behavior is sometimes socially acceptable, but some would consider it offensive and want it stopped. * Moderate sexual behavior is not socially acceptable, reasonable * Severe sexual behavior is never acceptable. (Swisher 28) Sexual harassment is a major problem in public schools, colleges, and universities. Surveys on college campuses show the number of respondents reporting to have been sexually harassed ranging from 40-70 percent. Only two percent of campus harassment ases involve a professor demanding sex in return for a good grade. Most cases involve male and female students. In public schools current sexual harassment definitions are inappropriate, since bad sexual behavior of today’s children isn’t sexual harassment, but it is a reflection of the vulgar, violent, and the sexually explicit nature of our media and culture. When little six-year-old children get suspended from school for kissing girls on the cheek, it is not an example of sexual harassment but of political Sexual harassment is still a big problem in schools and every school district in Washington now has an antiharassment policy. Junior high or middle school has the biggest problem with sexual harassment mainly because of their immaturity and out-of-control hormones†. Says Viki Simmons of the YWCA. â€Å"Many times in high school, students don’t think anything about it when harassment happens, but schools are now cracking down on it†. Simmons interview) In the business world employers are now on notice that sexual harassment will no longer be tolerated in the workplace. Claims brought against alleged harassers include wrongful termination, invasion of privacy, violation of due process and free speech rights, efamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Sexual harassment usually happens to women in low-paying jobs, or women that have to have a job in order to support themselves and children. If sexual harassment happens at work, write down a detailed description of what took place, so that it is well recorded and you don’t have to think back to the incident. You should keep a note pad handy for this purpose, or write it on a napkin to help you * What actually took place and what the offender said Another way to do this is to write a letter to the harasser. Be sure to keep a copy. Tell the person clearly in the letter that his behavior toward you is unwanted. Tell the person that he will be reported if the behavior doesn’t stop (Kolbert). According to the research group Catalyst, recent studies have found that 40 percent to 60 percent of woman say they have been harassed sometime in their Employers have a duty to investigate allegations of sexual harassment, and their employees have a legitimate interest in knowing what activities could result in their termination. Ever clearer definitions of sexual harassment are being implemented by more and more corporations around the country. As this happens, an ncreasing number of companies are searching for new ways of protecting themselves against allegations, adopting their own anti- harassment policies to combat this growing problem. CEO’s should do a variety of things to stop sexual harassment in the work place. The most important thing is senior management makes it clear to workers that harassment in any form won’t be tolerated. If top managers don’ take the issues seriously, employees won’t either. Managers must also understand they are responsible for their Companies need an explicit written policy on sexual harassment that is widely available in the workplace. Most consultants advise companies to do more than just post the policy on bulletin boards. They should distribute it company wide, repeatedly. Copies should be included in new employee orientation packets. Employees should have clear definitions of what sexual harassment is Many companies are now offering employee training sessions on sexual harassment, and many say that follow up training is a good idea. Training programs should include all employees, rather than just managers. The tone should be gender neutral and avoid heavy discussions on male harassment that might cause some resentment among the male employees. Many times programs aren’t effective because they spend a lot of time just attacking men and not the crime. Companies need a good system to deal with complaints. A clear process for handling complaints shows that a company takes them seriously. Until 1991 it was harder for woman to make allegations of sexual harassment, since woman felt like there was nothing that they could do about it. But the highly publicized hearings of Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill in 1991 changed everything. During the fall of 1991, the subject of sexual harassment grabbed news headlines. Everyone began discussing this issue and motions ran high. Judge Clarence Thomas was nominated to be a Supreme Court Justice, which is America’s highest court, and Supreme Court Justices have their jobs for life. They cannot be fired. Before a person can be made a Justice, he or she must be questioned and Judge Thomas was ounce the head of a U. S. agency called the EEOC. The EEOC makes sure everyone is treated fairly when applying for a job. It also enforces laws against sexual harassment. Anita Hill is a law professor who worked with Judge Thomas at the EEOC many years ago. A few weeks into the Congressional Questioning she came orward and accused Thomas of sexual harassment. She claimed that he used to constantly ask her for dates and spoke to her about pornographic films he had seen. Anita Hill said that she was deeply offended by these remarks but felt that she could not complain. Clarence Thomas was her boss, and she thought that her career could be Anita Hill was a very believable witness. But Judge Thomas denied her charges in the strongest possible terms. Who was telling the truth? The country was divided. But the issue was being discussed everywhere. Women from all across the nation told of their experiences with sexual harassment. And many men admitted being Finally, the senate voted to approve Judge Thomas. But the vote was close. Many senators had doubts about Thomas’s character. Others did not the, Thomas’s career should be destroyed because of one person’s story. They said there was not enough evidence to prove there was wrongdoing. In the end, everyone agreed that sexual harassment is a serious problem everyone must become more sensitive It’s important to know that men have trouble too. Women are not the only victims of sexual harassment. More and more men are being harassed in the workplace, classrooms, and locker rooms. Whoever is in the position of power tends to be the harasser. Men can be victims of both woman and other men Sexual harassment is very wide spread, but there are ways of avoiding it, such as: Keeping everything strictly on a business level. If working in the same room as the harasser, create a barrier between the two work stations with a desk or file cabinet, etc. Do not ask for personal favors or special treatment from the harasser so that he won’t feel he is owed anything. Do not talk about anything personal. Sexual harassment is always wrong. No one deserves it. And it is always hurtful to the victim. How to cite Problem on Sexual Harassment, Essay examples

The Clod & The Pebble Essays - Songs Of Innocence And Of Experience

The Clod & The Pebble Innocence & Experience In The Clod The Clod and the Pebble represents two contrasting points of view between a little clod of clay and a pebble of the brook. The poem expresses symbolic references towards innocence and experience with light and dark imagery. The two contrasting points of view on love are revealed through generous and unselfish tones in the first part and greedy and selfish tones in the second part. In the first stanza of the free verse poem, Blake uses the Clod of Clay to highlight the positive aspects of love. Through the eyes of the Clod, love is revealed to us as graceful, pure and everlasting. The heavenly tone marks how elegant and passionate love can grow to become. In the third stanza, the pebble of the brook explains the negative visions that love is or will eventually become in future experiences. The pebble describes love as harsh and selfish by only considering what is best for itself and having no real concern for the individuals trapped in the addicted passion. The Pebble also reveals a negative and harsh tone through its conception that love will turn a sweet chocolate bitter and a mighty warrior frail. The Clod of Clay symbolizes the soft, tender and innocent nature of love. It is easily formed and shaped into the figure that fits the given situation at hand. The Clod is flexible to change and tolerates an abundance of stress towards its soft form. The Clod represents how a relationship has to be in order to for love to work and the relationship last. The relationship must be flexible to change and tolerant of imposed differences and changes over time. The Pebble symbolizes the rough, hard and stern nature of love. It is unable to bend, flex or compromise change in a relationship. It remains solid and closed minded with no optimistic vision to improve the relationship that exits. The Pebble represents the clearly unstable foundation of a loving relationship. A relationship that highlights the negative experiences and will surely never last. Blake imposes vivid imagery to convey loves unselfishness. Love seeketh not If self to please in reference to the vision that Love is selfless and humble. Love in the Clods eyes only seeks to please others and not itself. The Clod gives its ease for another in reference to the innocence is complemented by grace. The gentle nature love imposes upon the hearts of others is clam with ease and gracious in delight. The Clod also builds a heaven in hells despair, which reveals an image where the passion and grace of love cleanses the soul of evil and purifies bad decisions. The imagery in the 3rd stanza is more dark and deceitful. The Pebble views love as seeketh only Self to please. This reveals the pebbles view of love being selfish as Self is capitalized to also signify that love consumes all life and emotion from everything. Love is also characterized as having joys in anothers loss of ease referring to how insensitive and impenitent love is in the pebbles eyes. The Pebble closes the poem off with a counter action from the Clod by expressing that love builds a Hell in Heavens despite. This revealing that the pebble believes that love corrupts purity, trust, honesty, and true emotion. Blakes revealing diction fine-tunes the poems central meaning as the pebble uses bind in line 10 to express that love restrains an individual's ability to be open and free. And the Clod expressing the smooth nature of love that is an exciting and enjoyable feeling in which everyone should be able to experience. In contrasting the basic elements and points of view of the Clod and the Pebble, reveal to the reader that even a beautiful thing like love can also dramatically affect a persons emotions and life in general when the experience shows either the negative or positive aspects of love. Bibliography The extremes of Poetry Poetry Essays

My First Resident †Creative Writing Essay

My First Resident – Creative Writing Essay Free Online Research Papers My First Resident Creative Writing Essay Listening to the clock ticking on the wall, I started to feel the burgeoning uneasiness. Over the quiet but melodious play of the strings in the cafeteria, cackling giggles of janitors, prattling chats of nurses, and chuckling laughs of doctors overlapped scenes with sweating doctors and overloaded nurses from Grey’s Anatomy. About ten minutes later, I was walking down a long and dark hallway with other volunteers and was stunned by a sudden contrast. The fastidious-looking volunteer manager parroted, â€Å"This side of the hospital is where all four of you will be volunteering,† over clattering noise of her hills. As glancing around the tranquil complex, I saw the dusty sign by the main door: Welcome to the Eagle Ridge Manor. When I skimmed through the list of offered volunteer positions, my heart palpitated wildly. I envisioned assisting nurses with their paperwork and doctors at special occasions; however, the offered task from the hospital disappointed me deeply. Feeding. The hackneyed term did not appeal to me. But I learned that my perception was very different. At five forty-five sharp, residents’ dinner trays were delivered to the dining room. I looked at the white board to check the appropriate resident whom volunteers were allowed to feed. My first resident was Marguerite. She was sitting erectly in her wheel chair at the very first corner of the dining table. â€Å"Marguerite,† I called her quietly as putting her tray down on the table, but she seemed not to hear me. I carefully tabbed her arm and introduced myself. She did not respond me. Suffering from Alzheimer for ten years, Marguerite had already lost the track of time, place and people. Smiling awkwardly at her, I opened up her tray. Tomato soup, roasted chicken with carrots, a raspberry yogurt, and a cup of tea were nicely sealed in scaled containers. Looking down at her tray confusingly, I started with a spoonful of her chicken meal, but she did not swallow it. Paranoid by impending mistakes, I tried to recall instructions from training sessions, but I ended up loo king at a nurse with a confused look on my face. She told me to wait. However, waiting for Marguerite was not the right answer, I thought. Puzzled by an unexpected dilemma, I began to massage her back to alleviate her tension, but she began to pour tomato soup on her dried chicken. She spilled the soup on the table and on her pants, but, suddenly, a burst of compassion emerged inside me. I could not stop her. My long journey resumed, and she seemed to forget that she was eating her dinner at every second spoon. I gently patted her arm or called her tenderly to remind her. Suddenly, I realized that I might have been one of strangers to her after all. I started talking about my day at school and promised her to take her out to the garden as soon as it stopped raining, and I was struck in awe. She smiled at me. Container after container, we started to empty her tray more quickly. Every Monday, I still visit her. Although my manager rotated volunteers to other complexes, I reminisce the very day when I had grabbed a fragile but warm hand. She taught me how I can make others smile. She taught me how I can be a trustworthy friend in a long journey. And she taught me how to love myself. Research Papers on My First Resident - Creative Writing EssayThe Hockey GameLifes What IfsThe Spring and AutumnQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Standardized Testing

Trojan Asteroids and their Places in the Solar System

Trojan Asteroids and their Places in the Solar System Asteroids are hot properties of the solar system these days. Space agencies are interested in exploring them, mining companies may soon be taking them apart for their minerals, and planetary scientists are interested in the role they played in the early solar system. It turns out that Earth and nearly all the other planets owe a large part of their existence to asteroids, which contributed to the process of planetary formation. Understanding Asteroids Asteroids are rocky objects too small to be planets or moons, but orbit in various parts of the solar system. When astronomers or planetary scientists discuss ​asteroids, they usually think about the region in the solar system where many of them exist; its called the Asteroid Belt and  lies  between Mars and Jupiter. While the majority of the asteroids in our solar system seem to orbit in the Asteroid Belt, there are other groups that orbit the Sun at various distances in both the inner and outer solar system. Among these are the so-called Trojan Asteroids, which are individually named after figures in the legendary Trojan Wars from Greek myths. Nowadays, planetary scientists simply refer to them as trojans.   The Trojan Asteroids First discovered in 1906, the Trojan asteroids orbit the Sun along the same orbital path of a planet or a  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹moon. Specifically, they either lead or follow the planet or moon by 60 degrees. These positions are known as the L4 and L5 Lagrange points. (LaGrange points are positions where the gravitational effects from two larger objects, the Sun and a planet, in this case, will hold a small object like an asteroid in a stable orbit.)  There are Trojans orbiting Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.   Jupiters Trojans Trojan asteroids were suspected to exist as far back as 1772 but werent observed for some time. The mathematical justification for the existence of Trojan asteroids was developed in 1772 by Joseph-Louis Lagrange. The  application of the theory he developed led to his name being attached to it.   However, it was not until 1906 that asteroids were found at the L4 and L5 Lagrange points along Jupiters orbit.  Recently, researchers have found that there may be a very large number of Trojan asteroids around Jupiter. This makes sense since Jupiter has a very strong gravitational pull and likely captured more asteroids into its area of influence.  Some say there are could be as many around Jupiter as there are in the Asteroid Belt. However, recent studies have found that there may be systems of Trojan asteroids elsewhere in our solar system. These may actually outnumber the asteroids in both the Asteroid Belt and Jupiters Lagrange points by an order of magnitude (i.e. there could be at least more than 10 times more). Additional Trojan Asteroids In one sense, Trojan asteroids should be easy to find. After all, if they orbit at the L4 and L5 Lagrange points around planets, so observers know exactly where to look for them. However, since most of the planets in our solar system are very far away from Earth and because asteroids can be very tiny and incredibly hard to detect, the process of finding them, and then measuring their orbits, is not very simple. In fact, it can be very difficult!   As evidence of this, consider that the ONLY Trojan asteroid is known to orbit along Earths path - 60 degrees in front of us - was just  confirmed to exist in 2011!  There are also seven confirmed Mars Trojan asteroids. So, the process of finding these objects in their predicted orbits around other worlds requires painstaking work and a great many observations at different times of the year to get a direct and accurate measure of their orbital periods.   Most interesting though is the presence of Neptunian Trojan asteroids. While there around a dozen confirmed, there are many more candidates. If confirmed, they would significantly outnumber the combined asteroid count of the Asteroid Belt and Jupiter Trojans. This is a very good reason for continuing to study this distant region of the solar system.   There still could be additional groups of Trojan asteroids orbiting various objects in our solar system, but as yet these are the sum total of what we have found. More surveys of the solar system, particularly using infrared observatories, could turn up many additional Trojans orbiting among the planets.   Edited and revised by Carolyn Collins Petersen.