Abusive Relationship Essay Example for Free

Abusive Relationship Essay Physical, emotional, verbal, and sexual abuse are some of the different types of abuse that can be found within a relationship. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of adolescent dating aggression, and to define, compare and contrast different points of view. The author of the novel Faultline, Janet Tashjian, describes a series of events in the life of Becky, the main character of the story, where she is getting involved into an abusive relationship with Kip, presenting all the warning signs that every adolescent should know. This story represents the millions of adolescents that are in this same situation. I will be presenting real cases from different sources to demonstrate that adolescent dating aggression is a serious problem for many teenagers. Yet like other forms of aggression, warning signs are often present that a young couple may be at risk. By understanding these precursors we can help adolescents avoid problematic situations and instead develop healthy dating relationships that will set in place a solid foundation for satisfying relationships throughout life. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in four teenagers report being verbally, emotionally, physically or sexually abused in a dating relationship. The issue of dating violence is so critical that it was included in the 2005 reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act, along with the crimes of sexual assault, domestic violence and stalking. Statistics indicate that males who are exposed to domestic violence as children are twice as likely to be abusive in their own relationships. Many teens use cell phones and computers as tools of control and abuse in dating relationships. There have been millions of reports of abuse in a relationship; one of these cases was reported by Nicky who was 12 when she fell in love with Richard who was 13. What Nicky has to show for their years together are a chipped tooth, a nose bent several degrees by his fist, three children â€Å"all of whom were born before their due dates because of beatings†, she says, a nd emotional scars that are hard to fathom in someone so young. She shares her story to Los Angeles Times: My earliest memory of abuse? I was 13. When he went into high school, I was still in junior high and he didnt trust me. One time I was wearing this see-through blouse. I had a slip on underneath it, because my parents taught me how to dress. [But] he got mad, and he pushed me on the ground and started calling me a bitch and everything. I thought, `Well hes just mad, I shouldnt have worn that. I couldnt go home. What was I gonna tell my mom? So I went to school and I put on my P.E. clothes and that is what I wore all day. In the last two decades, domestic violence has emerged from the black hole of taboo subjects to become highly visible. And what has long been happening between spouses or adult lovers is now recognized as a problem for teen-agers as well. Surveys show that about 28% of high school- and college-age students are in abusive relationships, roughly the same proportion as adults. But while adults have shelters and well-publicized hot lines, adolescents typically have only each other, if that. They often cannot or will not turn to adults for help and may not even talk to their peers. Young girls and women often do not know how to get out of abusive situations. More schools are providing programs to teach teens the warning signs of abusive relationships and provide them with the tools they need to leave violent and controlling partners. Some people think that dating violence is increasing because many girls are afraid to stand up to an aggressive and controlling boy. Others blame the violent and sexual content in the media as a contributing factor in dating violence. According to a New York Times article, â€Å"The high incidence of adolescent abuse distresses Barrie Levy, a Santa Monica therapist and a founder of the Southern California Coalition for Battered Women†. Levy, who edited the book Dating Violence: Young Women in Danger became aware of the problem in 1982 during a domestic violence education project in Los Angeles-area secondary schools. Our focus was on the development of an education program that would target adolescents, thinking that the way to start dealing with domestic violence was presumably before it started, Levy says. Violence in adolescent dating relationships is a large-scale problem, and may result in long-term trauma and psychological aftermath for victims. I provided some data, statistics, facts and opinion about this issue. An abusive relationship can be prevented if parents, teachers and counselors talk to the adolescents about the warning signs and how get away from that abusive relationship. The novel Faultline is a great example that can be used to teach teenagers about this serious topic.

Show an understanding Essay Example for Free

Show an understanding Essay I could almost imagine Ophelia as a lump of clay, but its not Shakespeare that models her, he gives us a simple character at the beginning symbolized by few words. She is then molded in our minds by the other characters. The same can be said about the way she is brought up, she has no apparent mother figure. Gertrude is the closest she gets, but is an incestuous women who may or may not have had knowledge of or taken some part in the regicide. Is she a good example of a mother? I think not! Yet she is brought up in part by Gertrude and also by a father who is no saint himself. In the Kenneth Brannah film interpretation he is seen during the scene with Reynaldo to be with prostitutes, while telling his companion to spy on his son whom he suspects of doing something similar. If her father were her role model I think it is not hard to see why Ophelia is not the complete women we would expect her to be. It was Sigmund Freud that said that we learn certain social, life and relationship skills from our parents especially the parent of apposing sex to the child therefore Ophelia will have become more like her father naturally. Although there is no evidence in the text to support this, it is what you would expect to happen in this relationship. In contrast to this Hamlet seems to be the only man in the play she can truly look up to or admire. He is charming and kind, writes her beautiful poetry makes her feel like a woman in many ways. So can we blame her for falling in love with him? As she knows no better, could we blame her for sleeping with Hamlet before marriage? The answer for both may be found in the text, the signals for both are clear in Act4 Scene5. She sings Quoth she, before u tumbled me, You promised me to wed. He answers- So I would I ha done, by yonder sun, ` And thou hadst not come to my bed. The words tumbled me means basically had sex with me, so we can clearly see that there relationship was sexual, if she is referring to their relationship. If she is speaking the truth but did she make love to him with no feeling just because she could, or, because she was in love with a chance to wed the man she wanted? I strongly believe the later to be true, I dont believe she would commit to having sex with Hamlet without love. Therefore I believe she asked for, or, was offered marriage. This is similar to what happens to Romeo and Juliet, but, unlike Juliet, Ophelia has sex on the belief she is to be married, whereas Juliet waits till she is married. Her innocence is shown in agreeing to this with out realizing first that Hamlet might just be after sex. Did they have sex before old Hamlets death or after? The answer to this question will greatly affect the above point. I think Hamlet told Ophelia he would wed her honestly but this was before his own father died changing him. (How much did the death of Old Hamlet affect Hamlets love for Ophelia? ) But from Ophelias point of view the man she loves goes mad and rejects her saying I never loved you her father dies and her brother is away in France. She has now no restraints, it almost as if her family and Hamlet were her anchor holding her to the ground, now that the rope as been cut she is drifting of up into a state madness until she reaches heaven. So therefore part of the madness is simple honesty mixed with the tragedies that have been placed before her. Her death is also interesting; Gertrude is the one who retells Ophelias story. To me, it seems her death was not suicide, but the act of a mad women not knowing what she was doing. Gertrudes description appears almost romantic and mysterious, hence inspiring Millais to paint her floating peacefully in the river. Gertrudes explanation of events is very much similar, a peaceful almost poetic end. She could be lying covering up the truth putting a gloss on it for Leartes to hear, I think it is the truth but it wasnt as simple and elegant as she makes it out to be. There on the pendant boughs her cronet weeds Clambring to hang, an envious silver broke, When down her weedy trophies and herself Fell in the weeping Broke.. Till that her garments, heavy with their drink, Pulled the poor wretch from her melodious lay To muddy death. It was an accident her falling in, but she was mad, and too unaware of her situation to save her self. Shes not a madwomen who commits suicide but a women driven to madness ending in death. Her madness serves a purpose as well; we can use the different ways Shakespeare shows madness by comparing hers with Hamlets. When Hamlet is mad, or is faking madness, he is a comic character making sarcastic jokes using his intelligence and wit. Many critics have also defined hamlets behavior as melancholia. But Ophelia is truly mad singing and acting insanely. Shakespeare presents her in this way so that we can see the true Hamlet we can see he is sane and is playing everyone for a fool. Hamlets antic disposition affects Ophelia greatly, whether he does it to protect her, or because he is simply cruel he pushes Ophelia away. Hamlets plan is to act mad to hide his knowledge of the regicide, using it as a cover. In doing so, he is partly responsible for Ophelias madness, killing Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. If is behavior hadnt been seen as mad R and G would not have been called for, Polonius would not have been hiding where he was and he would not have treated Ophelia in the same cruel way. However more significantly people think less of him and use it against him. A good example of this is when Claudius sends him to England to be executed as a murderous madman. During his madness he has a very revealing scene (Act 3 Scene 2) with Ophelia where he brings out their secret relationship. He makes very rude jokes, which would only be funny and recognizable to an Elizabethan audience. Only on studying the text closer would a modern audience find the jokes humorous, and even then the most liberal society would still be shocked at what Shakespeare was suggesting. Imagine being in the Elizabethan period watching Hamlet and two of the lead characters flirting and using obscene jokes. They would find it initially funny in a vulgar sort of way. However their opinion of Ophelia, the daughter of a Lord, would be somewhat less than it should for apparently being able to understand such vulgarity. For them they would respond completely differently to a modern viewer, she would be instantly seen as a wanton whore as some critics such as Jeremy Collier suggests. But if we look at the scene does Ophelia understand Hamlet and play along or does she have her words twisted by a perverted young madman. Hamlet Lady, shall I lie in your lap? Ophelia No my lord. Hamlet I mean, my head upon your lap? Ophelia Ay my lord. Hamlet Did you think I meant count matters? Ophelia I think nothing my lord. Hamlet Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs. Ophelia What is, my lord? Hamlet Nothing. Ophelia You are merry my lord. It is important to note that in the Elizabethan era the word nothing meant female genitalia, now is Hamlet meaning nothing simply as meaning nothing or is he referring to something much ruder. Does Ophelia understand him? Does she lead him on in this scene and flirt back? I would have to answer no to both questions. However in discussion with fellow students we have seen both sides. It is in some ways possible to see that they are openly flirting with each other, which would make you respond differently to Ophelia. I think what is most likely to be true is that she understands Hamlet, but she is too much of a lady to respond in the same way. What has become transparently clear from what has been written about Hamlet is that life in Elsinore castle is, to say the very least, strange or rotten. Ophelia has grown up with less than perfect role models and is in a very poor situation. The politics, which hold her in the castle, are intense. Enemies on all sides surround the country of Denmark. As a result both she and the rest of the residents are effectively, appear to be trapped or held within Elsinore. It comes across as being extremely claustrophobic; everyone knows each other private lives it appears. The only person that seems to get any space for himself is Hamlet. He has long soliloquies; these become more numerous as he fakes his madness. The point I am coming to is that Ophelia is set free when she dies, she escapes the repression and claustrophobia of Elsinore. Is Shakespeare making a comment about society? This is echoed in the history of Britain, at the end of Queen Elizabeths reign, she was set free and a new King came from the north to take the throne and set England on a whole new course. In conclusion Ophelia is a very simple character made complicated by others. She was an innocent young woman, to be eventually dragged up into women hood, to be used and eventually to death. This is a result of her environment-no mothers influence throughout, except for Gertrudes poor attempt, a father who is indifferent about his childrens welfare and a brother away. She falls in love with the crown prince of Denmark; he to loves her More than a hundred brothers. The madness within the castle reduces her to the same state and like Denmark itself dies. A case of innocence robbed? No a case of innocence mislead, but with out this innocence does she become a wanton whore? Im not sure what to think Im left wondering what Shakespeare intended. This Shakespeare play presents more questions than it answers and with out the answer I am still unsure on Ophelias intended character.

Investigating Recruitment And Selection At Starbucks Commerce Essay

Investigating Recruitment And Selection At Starbucks Commerce Essay This report will imply on the discussion between internal and external recruitment, as well as the methods and sources being used generally which involves the advantages and disadvantages of having to recruit candidates either ways. Furthermore, discussions are made between two organizations that is chosen by our group on how they do their recruitment and what conflicts they face in doing so. What is recruitment? Recruitment is a process of identifying and hiring the best- qualified candidate for the job vacancy or for the right job, this may either come from within the organization or outside of the organization. Why an organization does need to recruit? Basically, an organization needs to recruit due to vacancies that will be needed to be occupied by new applicants or candidates with the right skill for the certain job available. Why do vacancies occur within an organization? In general, vacancies occur due to certain circumstances, firstly, when a person is being recruited for a vacancy, the most likely needed to work as, can be either, temporarily or permanently. Also, due to economical crisis which is currently happening in many organization, furthermore, applicants are needed to be newly recruited because of maternity leaves, paternity leaves or if one of the employees may be suffering from an illness for quite a long time, to do so, they will need someone to cover the vacant position in an organization. This will occur as part of a temporary contract. Sometimes, vacancies occur due expansions of organization where they will need additional employees provided with resources and trainings, as well as employees may suddenly change jobs for the better of salary, benefits being offered or just simply because of the extra work that are being handed to them. In addition to the reasons of vacancies, may include retirements. Types of recruitments and its methods. There are two main types on how to recruit an applicant, such as internal recruitment and external recruitment. Internal recruitment is a method of hiring an employee from within the organization itself, which will include the knowing of the required skills that will be needed for the certain job they will be recruited for, and also they already know the organization that they are working for, particularly if its training and development program is effective. In other words, where existing employees are selected rather than employing from outside. Internal vacancies are usually advertised within the business via a variety of media, this consists, the use of verbal advertisement within the organization (word of mouth), staff notice boards, meetings, in-house magazine or newsletter or intranets. External recruitment is a method of hiring candidates for the right job. It is when the new applicant comes from outside of the organization. Frequently, most business engages on this method of recruiting, particularly those that are growing strongly or that operate in industries with high turnovers. Fortunately, its sources enables them for recruiting a candidate from outside, like, referrals or existing contacts, career service which registers high number of applicants, employment or recruitment agencies who are specialized in recruitment and selection, helping candidates to look for a job and also be connected with a number of companies, which as well often supply interim employees. In particular, they even use the source on Headhunters or recruitment consultancies, who provides a more specialized approach to the recruitment of employees and or senior management, and rather approach on individuals with a good reputation instead of relying on long lists of applicants. However, this source is costly. Also, external recruitment includes the sources of using internet and advertisement, example, classified ads, magazines, posters, etc. Advantages and disadvantages of internal recruitment and external recruitment. First of all, internal recruitment process is less time- consuming into recruiting and not expensive. Also, itll be easier in such a way, that the organization will not have any difficulties to have a background check, and train the applicants as they are known on what capability they can present at the same time, they already know the organization theyre working in. in addition, it gives the existing employees to advance their career in the business, helps to retain staff who might otherwise leave, reduces the risk of selecting an appropriate candidate and even have the chance of getting promoted. Also there will only be smaller number of applicants. However, there are likely to have a limited number of applicants for the job and another vacancy will be created that has to filled, therefore another recruitment plan has to be planned to fill another vacancy. Furthermore, there will also be a failure in generating new ideas. In contrast, the advantages of external recruitment is that it has wider audience that can be reached out which also increases the chance that the business will be able to recruit applicants with the required skills for the job, and helps to generate new ideas. However, this process will likely to be time- consuming. This is as well expensive due to the sources that they will be using, example: employment and recruitment agencies it is not a 100% ideal method because normally it will cost the organization money and even charge the candidate as well as the company that can be equal to the sum of his/her salary and another disadvantage, is not being definite with the qualifications that will be needed for the position that is applicable, lastly, they will not be considerate enough. Starbucks coffee company Starbucks coffee company is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain which was founded in Seattle, Washington on 1971. It is the largest coffeehouse in the world. Recruitment methods of Starbucks- Internal and External Internal Methods Starbucks uses these methods of recruiting internally: Intranet Starbucks announces its company vacancies through the website wherein only the staff and employees can access and look-up. Staff meetings These usually consist of the managers and supervisors organizing a meeting wherein they select the right employee for the right job internally. Career Development It is a method wherein staffs can get promoted to a higher level in the company. This usually uses the method of recommendation. External Methods Advertisement Starbucks usually put up ads in the newspaper or posters in their shops to attract candidates to apply for the company. Internet With its world wide web, people all around the world would be a able to access Starbucks site and find if there are any vacancy available. Word of mouth As staffs from the company may refer the vacancies available through friends and peers which are legible to apply for the position. RSA (Royal Sun Alliance Insurance Company) Royal and Sun Alliance Group is an insurance company which was founded on 1996 in London, England, UK which is still their headquarters up to date. It is a joint venture of Royal Insurance and the other Sun alliance. It is Britains leading insurance company. Recruitment methods of RSA- Internal and External Internal Methods RSA uses these methods of recruiting internally: Internal vacancy announcement When vacancies occur managers or supervisors tend to announce the position that is available to the employees. Promotions within department An applicant from a certain department of a company may be promoted to a higher level of work. Bulletin boards Almost the same as the internal announcement, here vacancies are posted to bulletin boards for when employees pass by they would see the notice. Internal emails As for RSA they use internal email which they call Lotus notes. Here every employee of the company receives emails as to which vacant positions are open or available. External Methods RSA uses the methods of recruiting externally: Advertisement in paper Advertising in the newspaper is one of the best recruitment methods there is. People read the news papers and would see the advertisement of the company and if interested they would send their application. Agencies RSA also uses the method of contacting agencies. Company website In the companys website, people who visit this site would see what job vacancies those are available. Conclusion In our opinion, nowadays, recruitment plays a vital role in ones organization and company. Searching, Attracting, and employing may take a lot of process but all this hard work in searching for the best candidate may lead to the success of the organization. Recruiting internally and externally may have different ways, but both have the same goal, that is to fill the spot or vacancy that the company has put up. In other words, we have learned that its a mandatory in every organizations. Furthermore, enabling us to know the possible outcomes and conflicts between internal and external recruitment. Henceforth, without this process in an organization, their organization will not be able to grow and produce high quality work. Bibliography Starbucks Coffee Company http://www.peerpapers.com/essays/Environmental-Mission-Vision-Values-Starbucks-Corporation/119728.html?topic http://www.helium.com/items/1738974-internal-external-recruitment-company-employees-experience-knowledge-retention Recruitment http://www.tutor2u.net/business/people/recruitment_internal.asp http://www.tutor2u.net/business/people/recruitment_external.asp http://www.hrmadvice.com/hrmadvice/hr-processes/recruitment-and-selection/internal-or-external-recruitment.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment RSA (Royal and Sun Alliance Insurance Company) http://www.rsadirect.ae

Judiasm & Rastafarianism: A study of the Falashas Essay -- essays pape

Judiasm & Rastafarianism: A study of the Falashas In this research paper I will discuss the ethnic groups of Africans in the Caribbean and Jews in Ethiopia. Jews in Ethiopia call themselves Beta Israel which means `house of Israel.' They are also known as the Falashas. Falasha means `stranger' or `immigrant' in the classical language of Ethiopia (the Ge'ez tongue). I will also describe the culture of the African people displaced into the Caribbean who identify themselves as the Rastafarians and the connections I have made between them and Judaism. I believe that these connections between Judaism and Rastafarianism are more than just similarities that can be found between any two Bible- following religions. I choose the Falashas as the topic for personal, religious and spiritual reasons. I was born into a Jewish household, rich in the traditions and customs of my Hebrew ancestors. I grew up however in the Caribbean, home of the unique culture known as the Rastafari. Throughout my life I have felt a deep connection between Judaism and Rastafarianism. In this paper I seek the origins and history of the connection that I feel in my heart. I believe that the Falashas are the bridge between these two cultures. The connection of the Rastas to Ethiopia is a deep and mystical one. It would take hundreds of pages to illustrate the connections of this culture to Israel. In briefly describing their culture I attempt to illustrate what sparked my attention about the similarities between Jews, Falashas, and Rastas. The Rastas believe that they are originally and ancestrally Ethiopians. They were stolen from their homeland in times of slavery and brought to the `New World'. To say the least, the Rastafarians believe in many of the similar ... .... Leonard E. The Rastafarians. Boston: Beacon Press, 1977. Messing, Simon D. The story of the Falashas,"Black Jews"of Ethiopia. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Balshon Print. & Offset Co., 1982. Campbell, Horace. Rasta and Resistance. New Jersey: First Africa World Press Edition, 1987. White, Timothy. Catch A Fire. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994. Steve Barrow and Peter Dalton. Reggae - The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 1997. Chevannes, Barry. Rastafari - Roots and Ideology. New York: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1994. Rapoport, Louis. Redemption song: the story of Operation Moses. San Diego: Harcourt, 1986. Laing, Arlene. Introduction to Jamaica. URL:"http://lamar.colostate.edu/~laingg/" Eznoh, Michael. Jammin Reggae Archives. URL:"http://www.niceup.com/" Bob Marley - The Unofficial Home Page. URL:"http://www.won.nl/dsp/usr/svketel/Music/bmarley.html"

Inflation and the Economy Essays -- Inflation Economy Economics Essays

Inflation and the Economy WHY UNDER MONETARY FREEDOM INFLATION COULD BE STOPPED WITHOUT BRINGING ABOUT UNEMPLOYMENT 1. Unemployment and inflation do coexist and inflation causes much unemployment which would cease with it. 2. Excessively inflated prices would fall to market prices and so promote sales and employment. 3. Less government spending would mean more private spending. 4. Prices and wages could be adjusted fast. If this is not done then this is not the effect of stopping inflation! 5. Price adjustments through gold-value clearing could take place already during a continuing paper money inflation - leaving no adjustment problem. 6. While FALLING prices do indeed deter from buying and promote unemployment, FALLEN prices do the contrary. Under monetary freedom there would only be FALLEN prices. 7. The un- or under-used productive capital investment would, under monetary freedom, be almost fully used and would thus ensure that there arises or remains no unemployment. 8. Under monetary freedom there would also be no difficulty to mobilize fully the real working capital of any country: the goods and services ready for retail sale and to finance with them full employment - naturally at market wages and prices. 9. Monetary freedom would allow all desired exchanges to take place and would put Say's Law, that supply tends to create equivalent demand, into practice. No sales difficulties or unemployment would result. 10.Unemployment is an unnatural condition: Under monetary freedom it would no more occur than under barter. TEN WAYS HOW, INDEED, WRONG ATTEMPTS TO STOP INFLATION COULD LEAD TO UNEMPLOYMENT - UNDER CONTINUED MONETARY DESPOTISM. 1. Stopping the note ... ...s of the free banking literature. 17. A critique of the note issue monopoly. Sorry, but 15-17 are not yet out, either. On the other hand, LMP has fiched hundreds of monetary freedom titles, including a 124pp free banking bibliography. A handbook on monetary freedom and one dealing especially with cause and cure for unemployment are still in the works by February 1999. John Zube, 11. 2. 1999. Note: I merely scanned this text in and afterward somewhat corrected the scanning and did minor editing. The scanning may still have left some mistakes I did not notice, apart from my own and usual ones. The Word 97 program sometimes insists upon its own layout and stubbornly resists my correction attempts. Somewhat corrected and edited on 26.6.1999 & 2.7.99. Bibliography: Go back to: lmphomepage.htm.htm Go forward to: app23-lt.htm.htm

Solar Cookers: They’re not just for Greenpeace :: Essays Papers

Solar Cookers: They’re not just for Greenpeace Solar cookers are not only part of our solar history, but quite possibly, part of our solar future as well. Solar cookers are thought to have originated around 1767. A Swiss naturalist named Horace de Saussure is believed to be the first solar cooking pioneer. Since the solar cookers invention, it has taken on three basic forms; the box solar cooker, the panel solar cooker, and the parabolic solar cooker. Like many renewable energy applications, each design has distinct advantages and drawbacks over traditional cookers as well as other solar designs. The box solar cooker is the simplest in design and therefore, the easiest to recreate. Directions on building one’s own box solar cooker can be found easily with an internet search. Box solar ovens can also be purchased commercially and range in price from $50.00 to upwards of $200.00. Typical box solar cookers are lightweight, easily set-up, and fairly safe. They do not lend themselves towards the most intense cooking temperatures. However solar cooking proponents are quick to point out that high temperatures aren’t necessary for cooking. The lower the temperature, the more time needed to cook. Also, food cannot exceed 212ï‚ °F until all of water has been evaporated, so really, any hotter than that is unnecessary. Many proponents also describe boiling times in terms of hours. Panel solar cookers are one step up in complexity from the box cooker. They can typically be assembled in an hour or so. These are widely produced in developing nations. They can be mass produced inexpensively and are easy to use. They reach generally higher temperatures but are less suited to cooking in more temperate environments. Manufactured units are available, though harder to find. The third solar cooker, the parabolic cooker, is the most variable in appearance. Some are very large exceeding 10 feet in diameter and others are so small they can be taken as a backpacking cook stove. They units available commercially are also variable; the relatively simple SolaReflex by Clear dome is 2 ft by 2 ft and retails for $89.00. Parabolic cookers can also be found for prices in excess of $200.00. Parabolic cookers can also be dangerous. They can create bright spots that can do damage to the eyes as well as hot spots that could burn you or your food.

Broken Windows Concept

The administrative and operational consideration of the Broken Windows Theory affects many aspects of the police department and the community. The social disorder of a run-down community can be looked at by a single broken window. The idea affects not only the community but the police force as well. Mayors, politicians, police chiefs, and other administrators want their city to look and feel safe. When small time crime invades the community, it can turn into a bigger crime and the fall of the city. The theory was experimented with in many cities with positive and negative results.Police patrol, emergency and critical incident response, police investigations, and future trends were affected in many communities. Implementations of new laws as well as enforcing existing small time crime laws have had big effects on many cities. The Broken Windows Theory George E. Keeling co-wrote an article for the Atlantic Monthly in March, 1982 about the theory about social disorder, and the informal social controls can reduce rebellious behavior, such as vandalism (Keeling, 1982). Small crimes such as public drinking, littering, prostitution, pan-handling, and loitering are targeting in the article.The concept is mainly targeted at low-income cities that increased social disorder and low opinions about police presence and arrests. The concept is that disorder and crime are linked in a developmental sequence. The theory explains that one broken window left unimpaired will solicit other broken windows, and progressively lower the community standards. If that same window is repaired, such as in a beautification program, then crime will be reduced. Also, in an experiment in New Jersey, police began policing on foot instead of cars.The idea was a more personal presence in the city. If criminals saw more police presence they may go elsewhere to commit a crime, and the public would be more inclined to help police in criminal investigations. The testing of the theory involved the coope ration of police agencies, as well as case studies. The police agencies did not like the foot patrol idea because foot patrol was deemed a punishment for officers, and they could not respond to crime as fast as with a patrol car. After five years, the testing was analyzed, and it was discovered that crime was not reduced.After talking with the public, the public seemed to think that crime was reduced, and they felt more secure ND safe in the neighborhood. The theory proved ineffective on lowering crime, but the public praised the police for doing so anyways. The unwritten concept that smaller crimes will lead to bigger crimes could not be proven, but other theories conclude that the Broken Theory is not accurate. Functions of Patrol, Crime Investigation, Emergency and Critical Incident Response Place police officers on foot patrol used to be a punishment, but in the experiment it had an alternative motive.Administrative and operation considerations were evaluated after placing polic e on assassinated foot patrols. Patrol officers on foot had positive and bad negative. The positive outcomes were the intimate relations ship the police acquired with the public. The public got used to a police officer coming into the shops and greeted them informally, compared to Just driving by and only reporting after a crime was committed. The foot patrol officers made a pleasant presence I the community that made the public believe crime was reduced.The negative outcomes with foot patrols were the delayed response to calls and lack of contact with the department. The name was true with emergency and critical incident response (AN, 2012). Criminal investigations seemed to be easier with the public cooperation. Police conduction foot patrols would have an intimate relationship with the public that would aid in criminal investigations. Since crime was not reduced, it was concluded that criminals figured out where police would be and the delayed response time to crime.The connectio n between the criminal, the community, and the police have improved over the years. Future Trends Many cities have tried to explore the Broken Widows Theory into the community over he years. William Britton of New Work's Transit Police by having police enforces petty crime laws and arrest transients, vandals, panhandlers, and fair Jumpers. Rudy Giuliani worked with Britton years later and implemented the Broken Windows Theory and crime was reduced by 65 percent in the mid-ass (Sham, 2007).The theory has been modified for police and the administration with Stop and Frisk Laws and other privacy violation laws. This means that even though the theory was intended to beautify communities and become more community oriented in policing, it went in there directions. Words like community-policing and zero tolerance has the roots of the Broken Windows Theory, but the future may hold more serious punishment for smaller crimes and more police presence in low-income communities.The primary theor y was that if there is one broken window in building, youths, or vandals will break other windows, whereas a building with no broken windows would not receive the attention the latter would. Administrations and operational considerations have improved the idea, and in the future, reconstruct how crime is dealt with and how Alice can protect and serve the community better. Summary The Broken Windows Theory was presented by James Q. Wilson and George L. Keeling in an Atlantic Monthly article.The idea was that crime could be managed with beautification and community assistance. Many experiments proved that crime was not reduced, but the community believed it was because of the police presence. The community also helped the police more who were on foot patrol because of the intimate contact between police and the public. Many mayors and police administrations have tried to use this theory and have had success by not only arresting small time criminals, but finding that many of those cri minals had warrants for larger crimes.